Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъňiga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

There are multiple theories:

• Borrowed either from Old High German kenning (“symbol, sign”) or from a different Germanic source (compare Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan, “to know”) and Old Norse kunna (“to know”)).
• From Akkadian kunukkum (“seal-cylinder”) or kanīkum (“sealed object: document, sack bulla, etc.”), via Old Armenian կնիք (knikʻ, “seal”).
• Ultimate Chinese origin, from 卷 (Middle Chinese kɣiuᴇn^X, kɣiuᴇn^H < Old Chinese *krorʔ (“to roll up”), *kror-s (“scroll”)), as paper was invented in China around the 1st century AD. However, this seems less likely due to the likely temporal precedence of Proto-Slavic over Early Middle Chinese and the large spatial separation of the donor and recipient languages.
• Finally, Polish Slavicist Aleksander Brückner considers it to be a native word derived from Proto-Slavic *kъnъ (“trunk of a tree”) with the suffix -iga (compare Slovene veriga (“chain”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“tie”)). The sense development would thus be similar to German Buch and English book, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”), or to Latin liber, from earlier *luber, a cognate of Proto-Slavic *lubъ (“tree bark”).

The second and third theories require transmission by a Turkic or an Iranian language, but nothing is attested in them. Although sometimes cited, Chuvash кӗнеке (kĕnek̬e) and Ossetian чиныг (ḱinyg), киунугӕ (kiwnugæ) are both considered early Slavic loans. However, Hungarian könyv (“book”) and Erzya конёв (końov, “paper”), which are unlikely to derive from Slavic, testify to the early presence of this word in the Volga region.

Noun

*kъňìga f

1. book

Declension

Declension of *kъňìga (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kъňìga	*kъňìdzě	*kъňìgy
genitive	*kъňìgy	*kъňìgu	*kъňìgъ
dative	*kъňìdzě	*kъňìgama	*kъňìgamъ
accusative	*kъňìgǫ	*kъňìdzě	*kъňìgy
instrumental	*kъňìgojǫ, *kъňìgǭ**	*kъňìgama	*kъňìgamī
locative	*kъňìdzě	*kъňìgu	*kъňìgasъ, *kъňìgaxъ*
vocative	*kъňìgo	*kъňìdzě	*kъňìgy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *kъňìžica

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: кънига (kŭniga), книга (kniga)
    • Old Ruthenian: кни́га (kníha)
      • Belarusian: кні́га (kníha)
      • Ukrainian: кни́га (knýha)
    • Russian: кни́га (kníga) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Ossetian: (Iron) чиныг (ḱinyg), (Digor) киунугӕ (kiwnugæ), кинугӕ (kinugæ)
    • → Erzya: кинига (kińiga)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: кънигꙑ (kŭnigy)

  • Bulgarian: кни́га (kníga)
  • Macedonian: книга (kniga)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: књи̏га

    Latin script: knjȉga

  • Slovene: knjíga (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: knëga, knyga, knéga
  • Old Czech: kniha
    • Czech: kniha
  • Old Polish: knięga
    • ⇒ Old Polish: księgi
      • Polish: księga
      • Silesian: ksiynga
  • Slovak: kniha
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: knigła (archaic), knigły (plurale tantum)
    • Upper Sorbian: kniha

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Lithuanian: knygà

Further reading

• Abajev, V. I. (1958) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 596
• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “կնիք”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume 2, Yerevan: University Press, page 609
• Berneker, Erich (1908–1913) Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, page 664
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “книга”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 406
• Matzenauer, Antonín (1870) Cizí slova ve slovanských řečech [Foreign words in Slavic languages] (in Czech), Brno: Matica Moravská, page 43
• Tsyhanenko, H. P. (1989) “книга”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Kyiv: Radjanska shkola, →ISBN, pages 179–180
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “книга”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъniga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 203
• Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “książka”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna