Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xoldъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Unclear.

• Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (reconstructed by Illich-Svitych as *(s)gel- in order to accommodate the Slavic data), in which case it is cognate with Latin gelidus (“cool, icy”), English cold, Sanskrit जड (jaḍa), but initial *x- is hard to explain.
• Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelH-, in which case it is cognate with Lithuanian šáltas (“cold”), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀‎ (sar^əta), Persian سرد‎ (sard), Ossetian салд (sald), but initial *x- is likewise hard to explain.

Noun

*xȏldъ m

1. cold, coolness

Inflection

Declension of *xȏldъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*xȏldъ	*xȏlda	*xȏldi
Accusative	*xȏldъ	*xȏlda	*xȏldy
Genitive	*xȏlda	*xoldù	*xõldъ
Locative	*xȏldě	*xoldù	*xoldě̃xъ
Dative	*xȏldu	*xoldomà	*xoldòmъ
Instrumental	*xȏldъmь, *xȏldomь*	*xoldomà	*xoldý
Vocative	*xolde	*xȏlda	*xȏldi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

See also

• *goldъ (“hunger”)
• *golotь (“ice crystal”)
• *želdь, *želdica (“hail, frost”)
• *solna (“hoarfrost”)

Derived terms

• *xolditi, *xolďati (“to cool”)
• *xolděti, *xoldьněti (“to be cold, to chill”)
• *xoldьnъ (“cold, chilly”)
• *xoldъkъ (“cool”)
• *xoldina, *xoldota/*xoldoťa (“chilliness”)
• *xoldьcь (“coolness”)

Related terms

• *koldędzь, *koldenьcь, *koldьcь (“well”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: хо́лад (xólad)
  • Russian: хо́лод (xólod)
  • Ukrainian: хо́лод (xólod)

• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic: хладъ (xladŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⱈⰾⰰⰴⱏ (xladŭ)

  • Bulgarian: хлад (hlad)
  • Macedonian: лад (lad)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: хла̑д, gen. хла̑да

    Latin: hlȃd, gen. hlȃda

    • Chakavian (Vrgada): hlå̑d (“shade”), gen. hlå̑da
    • Chakavian (Novi): hlȃd (“shade”)
    • Chakavian (Orbanići): hlȃt (“shade”), gen. hlȃda
  • Slovene: hlȃd (“coolness”) (tonal orthography); dialectal hlad (“shadow”)

• West Slavic:
  • Czech: chlad
  • Polabian: xlåd
  • Polish: chłód, gen. chłodu
  • Slovak: chlad
  • Slovincian: χłȯ́u̯d
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: chłód, gen. chłoda
    • Lower Sorbian: chłodk (“coolness, shade”)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “холод”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xoldъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), volume 8: (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 57