Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kulkak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *kulkï (“ear wax, middle ear”), however the exact relationship remains unclear; compare Mongolian хулхи (xulxi, “ear-wax, inner ear”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Proto-Tungusic *xūl- (“to sound”) and Proto-Uralic *kule- (“to hear”) are also compared.

Noun

*kulkak

1. ear

Declension

Declension of *kulkak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kulkak
Accusative	*kulkaknï, *kulkakïg 4), *kulkaknïg 1)
Genitive	*kulkaknïŋ
Dative	*kulkakka
Locative	*kulkakda
Ablative	*kulkakdan
Allative	*kulkakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kulkakïn
Equative 2)	*kulkakča
Similative 2)	*kulkaklayu
Comitative 2)	*kulkaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хӑлха (hălh̬a)
• →? Proto-Mongolic: *kulkï
  • Mongolian: хулхи (xulxi, “earwax, inner ear”)
• Common Turkic:

• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قُلَقْ (qulaq), قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq)
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (qulaɣ)
      • Uyghur: قۇلاق (qulaq)
      • Uzbek: quloq
• Kipchak:
  • Northern Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ҡолаҡ (qolaq)
    • Tatar: колак (qolaq)
  • Western Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: qulaq
    • Karachay-Balkar: къулакъ (qulaq)
    • Karaim: къулакъ
    • Kumyk: къулакъ (qulaq)
  • Kipchak-Nogai:
    • Karakalpak: qulaq
    • Kazakh: құлақ (qūlaq)
    • Nogai: кулак (kulak)
  • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: кулак (kulak)
    • Southern Altai: кулак (kulak)
• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: qulaq
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: قلاق (qulaq)
    • Azerbaijani: qulaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: قولاق (kulak)
      • Gagauz: kulak
      • Turkish: kulak
  • Eastern:
    • Salar: gulaq
    • Turkmen: gulak
  • Southern:
    • Qashqai: قُلَقْ (qulaq)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (qulqaq)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qulqaq)
      • Western Yugur: qulaq
  • Yenisei Turkic:
    • Khakas: хулах (xulax)
    • Shor: қулақ
  • Sayan Turkic:
    • Tofa: қулақ
    • Tuvan: кулак (kulak)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: кулгаах
    • Yakut: кулгаах (kulgaaq)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kulkak”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 621
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Indrik, pages 124-127
• Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, pages 204-205
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kul-kak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill