bꜣkw

Egyptian

Etymology

bꜣk (“to work, to render service, to pay taxes”) +‎ -w.

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /baʀˈkuw/ → /baʀˈkuw/ → /bəˈkuʔ/ → /bəˈkøʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /baʀˈkuw/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /baʀˈkuw/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /bəˈkuʔ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /bəˈkøʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /bɑkuː/
  • Conventional anglicization: baku

Noun

 m

1. work, labor, especially hard manual labor [since the Middle Kingdom]
2. work, product, result of a task [since the New Kingdom]
3. execution or implementation of a design [18th Dynasty]
4. taxes [since the Middle Kingdom]
5. tribute (payment made in submission)

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bꜣkw  

bꜣkw

Descendants

• Demotic: ⁠ (bk)
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲕⲉ (beke)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲭⲉ (bekhe)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲕⲏ (bekē)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲃⲉⲕⲉ (beke)
  • Old Coptic: ⲃⲓⲕⲉ (bike)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲕⲉ (beke)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 427.13–428.15
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 78
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 111.