bruken
Low GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Low German brûken, Old Saxon brūkan, from Proto-Germanic *brūkaną.
VerbEdit
bruken (third-person singular simple present bruukt, past tense bruuk, past participle bruukt, auxiliary verb hebben)
- to need to, to have to (in negation or with the adverb alleen (“just, only”), you can also use möten)
- Du bruukst nich op mi to töven.(or Du musst nich op mi to töven, see usage notes).
- You don’t need to wait for me.
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of bruken (weak verb)
| infinitive | bruken | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | preterite |
| 1st person singular | bruuk | bruuk |
| 2nd person singular | bruuks(t) | bruuks(t) |
| 3rd person singular | bruuk(t) | bruuk |
| plural | bruukt, bruuken | bruken |
| imperative | present | — |
| singular | bruuk(e) | |
| plural | bruukt | |
| participle | present | past |
| bruken | (e)bruukt, gebruukt | |
| Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. | ||
Usage notesEdit
- In a negative sentence, möten or dörven are often used instead of bruken. For example, “you don’t need to go yet” is usually translated by du musst noch nich gahn instead of du bruukst noch nich to gahn.
- The verb nödig hebben is used to express the need of something.
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle Low German gebrūken, Old Saxon gibrūkan, from Proto-Germanic *gabrūkaną.
VerbEdit
bruken (third-person singular simple present bruukt, past tense bruuk, past participle bruukt, auxiliary verb hebben)
- to use
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of bruken (weak verb)
| infinitive | bruken | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | preterite |
| 1st person singular | bruuk | bruuk |
| 2nd person singular | bruuks(t) | bruuks(t) |
| 3rd person singular | bruuk(t) | bruuk |
| plural | bruukt, bruuken | bruken |
| imperative | present | — |
| singular | bruuk(e) | |
| plural | bruukt | |
| participle | present | past |
| bruken | (e)bruukt, gebruukt | |
| Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. | ||
Middle DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Dutch *brūkan, from Proto-Germanic *brūkaną.
VerbEdit
bruken
InflectionEdit
| Weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | bruken | |
| 3rd sg. past | — | |
| 3rd pl. past | — | |
| Past participle | — | |
| Infinitive | bruken | |
| In genitive | brukens | |
| In dative | brukene | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | bruke | — |
| 2nd singular | bruucs, brukes | — |
| 3rd singular | bruuct, bruket | — |
| 1st plural | bruken | — |
| 2nd plural | bruuct, bruket | — |
| 3rd plural | bruken | — |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | bruke | — |
| 2nd singular | bruucs, brukes | — |
| 3rd singular | bruke | — |
| 1st plural | bruken | — |
| 2nd plural | bruuct, bruket | — |
| 3rd plural | bruken | — |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | bruuc, bruke | |
| Plural | bruuct, bruket | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | brukende | — |
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “bruken”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “bruken”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929
Middle Low GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Saxon brūkan, from Proto-Germanic *brūkaną.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
brûken
- to use, utilise, to make use of either an object or a right
- to enjoy, to have use from
- to need
- to work in a craft
DeclensionEdit
Conjugation of bruken as a weak verb
| Plain Infinitive | brûken | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Infinitive (Gerund) | tô brûkene or tô brûkende | |||
| Verbal Noun | brûken or brûkent | |||
| Participles | Imperatives | |||
| Present | brûkende | 2nd Person Singular | brûke | |
| Past | gebrûket | 2nd Person Plural | brûket | |
| Indicative | Subjunctive | |||
| Present | Preterite | Present | Preterite | |
| 1st Person Singular | brûke | brûkede | brûke | brûkede |
| 2nd Person Singular | brûkest | brûkedest | brûkest | brûkedest |
| 3rd Person Singular | brûket | brûkede | brûket | brûkede |
| Plural | brûken (brûket?) | brûkeden | brûken | brûkeden |
DescendantsEdit
- Low German: bruken
- → Danish: bruge
- → Faroese: brúka
- → Norwegian: bruke
- → Swedish: bruka
- → Finnish: ruukata