caledu
Welsh edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From caled (“hard; rough, cruel”) + -u.
Pronunciation edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /kaˈlɛdɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /kaˈleːdi/, /kaˈlɛdi/
- Rhymes: -ɛdɨ̞
Verb edit
caledu (first-person singular present caledaf) (transitive, intransitive)
- to harden (become hardened), dry
- (figuratively) to grow unfeeling or stubborn, render hard or obdurate
- Antonym: meddalu
- (grammar, phonology, of consonant) to harden, pronounce as voiceless
- Antonym: meddalu
- to grow stingy or niggardly
- to become costive or constipated, constipate
- to temper (iron, steel)
Conjugation edit
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | caledaf | caledi | caleda | caledwn | caledwch | caledant | caledir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
caledwn | caledit | caledai | caledem | caledech | caledent | caledid | |
| preterite | caledais | caledaist | caledodd | caledasom | caledasoch | caledasant | caledwyd | |
| pluperfect | caledaswn | caledasit | caledasai | caledasem | caledasech | caledasent | caledasid, caledesid | |
| present subjunctive | caledwyf | caledych | caledo | caledom | caledoch | caledont | caleder | |
| imperative | — | -, caleda | caleded | caledwn | caledwch | caledent | caleder | |
| verbal noun | caledu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | calededig caledadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | caleda i, caledaf i | caledi di | caledith o/e/hi, calediff e/hi | caledwn ni | caledwch chi | caledan nhw |
| conditional | caledwn i, caledswn i | caledet ti, caledset ti | caledai fo/fe/hi, caledsai fo/fe/hi | caleden ni, caledsen ni | caledech chi, caledsech chi | caleden nhw, caledsen nhw |
| preterite | caledais i, caledes i | caledaist ti, caledest ti | caledodd o/e/hi | caledon ni | caledoch chi | caledon nhw |
| imperative | — | caleda | — | — | caledwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation edit
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| caledu | galedu | nghaledu | chaledu |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “caledaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies