caledu
Welsh
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom caled (“hard; rough, cruel”) + -u.
Pronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /kaˈlɛdɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /kaˈleːdi/, /kaˈlɛdi/
- Rhymes: -ɛdɨ̞
Verb
editcaledu (first-person singular present caledaf) (transitive, intransitive)
- to harden (become hardened), dry
- (figuratively) to grow unfeeling or stubborn, render hard or obdurate
- Antonym: meddalu
- (grammar, phonology, of consonant) to harden, pronounce as voiceless
- Antonym: meddalu
- to grow stingy or niggardly
- to become costive or constipated, constipate
- to temper (iron, steel)
Conjugation
editConjugation (literary)
singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
present indicative/future | caledaf | caledi | caleda | caledwn | caledwch | caledant | caledir | |
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
caledwn | caledit | caledai | caledem | caledech | caledent | caledid | |
preterite | caledais | caledaist | caledodd | caledasom | caledasoch | caledasant | caledwyd | |
pluperfect | caledaswn | caledasit | caledasai | caledasem | caledasech | caledasent | caledasid, caledesid | |
present subjunctive | caledwyf | caledych | caledo | caledom | caledoch | caledont | caleder | |
imperative | — | -, caleda | caleded | caledwn | caledwch | caledent | caleder | |
verbal noun | caledu | |||||||
verbal adjectives | calededig caledadwy |
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
future | caleda i, caledaf i | caledi di | caledith o/e/hi, calediff e/hi | caledwn ni | caledwch chi | caledan nhw |
conditional | caledwn i, caledswn i | caledet ti, caledset ti | caledai fo/fe/hi, caledsai fo/fe/hi | caleden ni, caledsen ni | caledech chi, caledsech chi | caleden nhw, caledsen nhw |
preterite | caledais i, caledes i | caledaist ti, caledest ti | caledodd o/e/hi | caledon ni | caledoch chi | caledon nhw |
imperative | — | caleda | — | — | caledwch | — |
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |
Mutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
caledu | galedu | nghaledu | chaledu |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References
edit- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “caledaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies