caledu

Welsh

Alternative forms

• caledo, cledo

Etymology

From caled (“hard; rough, cruel”) +‎ -u.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /kaˈlɛdɨ̞/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /kaˈleːdi/, /kaˈlɛdi/
• Rhymes: -ɛdɨ̞

Verb

caledu (first-person singular present caledaf) (transitive, intransitive)

1. to harden (become hardened), dry
   1. (figuratively) to grow unfeeling or stubborn, render hard or obdurate

   Antonym: meddalu

2. (grammar, phonology, of consonant) to harden, pronounce as voiceless

   Antonym: meddalu

3. to grow stingy or niggardly
4. to become costive or constipated, constipate
5. to temper (iron, steel)

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present indicative/future	caledaf	caledi	caleda	caledwn	caledwch	caledant	caledir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional	caledwn	caledit	caledai	caledem	caledech	caledent	caledid
preterite	caledais	caledaist	caledodd	caledasom	caledasoch	caledasant	caledwyd
pluperfect	caledaswn	caledasit	caledasai	caledasem	caledasech	caledasent	caledasid, caledesid
present subjunctive	caledwyf	caledych	caledo	caledom	caledoch	caledont	caleder
imperative	—	-, caleda	caleded	caledwn	caledwch	caledent	caleder
verbal noun	caledu
verbal adjectives	calededig caledadwy

Conjugation (colloquial)

Inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	caleda i, caledaf i	caledi di	caledith o/e/hi, calediff e/hi	caledwn ni	caledwch chi	caledan nhw
conditional	caledwn i, caledswn i	caledet ti, caledset ti	caledai fo/fe/hi, caledsai fo/fe/hi	caleden ni, caledsen ni	caledech chi, caledsech chi	caleden nhw, caledsen nhw
preterite	caledais i, caledes i	caledaist ti, caledest ti	caledodd o/e/hi	caledon ni	caledoch chi	caledon nhw
imperative	—	caleda	—	—	caledwch	—
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
caledu	galedu	nghaledu	chaledu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “caledaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies