Wiktionary

-u

See also: -ú and Appendix:Variations of "u"

Albanian Edit

Etymology Edit

Suffixed definite article attached on nouns ending with k, g (IPA(key): [k], [ɡ]). From the ending Proto-Indo-European *-osyo. cognate to Messapic -aihi.[1][2][3]

Related to Albanian -i (“of the, etc.”), Albanian i (“of, the, to”).

Pronunciation Edit

Article Edit

-u m

  1. masculine singular nominative and accusative suffixed definite article: the
    ‎flok (“hair”) + ‎-u → ‎floku (“the hair”)
    ‎treg (“market”) + ‎-u → ‎tregu (“the market”)
    ‎plak (“old man”) + ‎-u → ‎plaku (“the old man”)
    ‎zog (“bird”) + ‎-u → ‎zogu (“the bird”)
    (note: -u shifts towards -i among some Gheg dialects; zogi instead of zogu)

Related terms Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Matzinger 2015, pp. 62–66
  2. ^ Ismajli 2015, pp. 65–68.
  3. ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2017). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3. Walter de Gruyter.

Chuukese Edit

Etymology Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. out, outwards; used to modify verb direction

Esperanto Edit

Etymology 1 Edit

Etymology unclear. Perhaps from the Greek -ou imperative (pronounced [u]) of deponent verbs such as dekhou “receive!”, or from the Hebrew imperative -û. It may instead—or also—be connected to the vowel of the Esperanto conditional suffix -us, minus the s of the indicative inflections.

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. volitive inflection of verbs, indicating that an action or state is desired, requested, ordered, or aimed for.
    Donu ĝin al mi.
    Give it to me. (expresses a request or command)
    Ni faru tion.
    Let's do that. (expresses a desire or aim)
    Mi iru dormi.
    I ought to go to sleep. (expresses desirability of the action)
    Via infano sukcesu en la vivo.
    May your child be successful in life. (wish or desire)
    Mi volas, ke vi helpu min.
    I want you to help me. (desire)
    Ŝi petas, ke mi silentu.
    She asks that I be silent. (request)

Etymology 2 Edit

Apparently connected to the u at the end of unu (“one, a certain”).

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. -one. (Ending of the individual correlatives.)
    kiu (“what individual, who”)
    tiu (“that individual, that one”)
    ĉiu (“all individuals, everyone”)
    iu (“some individual, someone”)
    neniu (“no individual, nobody”)
    (unofficial) aliu (“another individual, someone else”)

Estonian Edit

Etymology Edit

From Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -e). Cognate with Finnish -u.

Suffix Edit

-u (genitive -u, partitive -u)

  1. Derives nouns from verbs or prefixes
    jagama "to divide" → jagu "a part, a share"
    kaduma "to disappear" → kadu "loss, losing"
    sise- "inside" → sisu "content"
    pesema "to wash" → pesu "wash, washing"

Derived terms Edit

Estonian terms suffixed with -u

Finnish Edit

Etymology Edit

From Proto-Finnic *-u, from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -e). Cognate with Estonian -u.

Suffix Edit

-u (front vowel harmony variant -y)

  1. Forms nouns from verbs. Most common with e- and i-stem verbs.
    ‎hyppiä (“to be jumping”) + ‎-u → ‎hyppy (“jump”)
    ‎itkeä (“to cry”) + ‎-u → ‎itku (“cry(ing)”)
    ‎pestä (“to wash”) + ‎-u → ‎pesu (“wash(ing)”)
    ‎potkia (“to kick”) + ‎-u → ‎potku (“kick”)
    ‎urheilla (“to practice sport”) + ‎-u → ‎urheilu (“sport”)
  2. Derives a number of nouns from other nouns.
    ‎silmä (“eye”) + ‎-u → ‎silmu (“bud”)
    ‎sisä- (“inside”) + ‎-u → ‎sisu (“determination, perseverance”)

Usage notes Edit

The front-harmonic variant -y is only used when the first vowel of the word is one of the harmonic front vowels -y-, -ä-, -ö-; words beginning with neutral front vowels e, i take the back-harmonic variant.

Declension Edit

Inflection of -u (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative -u -ut
genitive -un -ujen
partitive -ua -uja
illative -uun -uihin
singular plural
nominative -u -ut
accusative nom. -u -ut
gen. -un
genitive -un -ujen
partitive -ua -uja
inessive -ussa -uissa
elative -usta -uista
illative -uun -uihin
adessive -ulla -uilla
ablative -ulta -uilta
allative -ulle -uille
essive -una -uina
translative -uksi -uiksi
instructive — -uin
abessive -utta -uitta
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -u (type valo)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -uni -uni
accusative nom. -uni -uni
gen. -uni
genitive -uni -ujeni
partitive -uani -ujani
inessive -ussani -uissani
elative -ustani -uistani
illative -uuni -uihini
adessive -ullani -uillani
ablative -ultani -uiltani
allative -ulleni -uilleni
essive -unani -uinani
translative -ukseni -uikseni
instructive — —
abessive -uttani -uittani
comitative — -uineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -usi -usi
accusative nom. -usi -usi
gen. -usi
genitive -usi -ujesi
partitive -uasi -ujasi
inessive -ussasi -uissasi
elative -ustasi -uistasi
illative -uusi -uihisi
adessive -ullasi -uillasi
ablative -ultasi -uiltasi
allative -ullesi -uillesi
essive -unasi -uinasi
translative -uksesi -uiksesi
instructive — —
abessive -uttasi -uittasi
comitative — -uinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -umme -umme
accusative nom. -umme -umme
gen. -umme
genitive -umme -ujemme
partitive -uamme -ujamme
inessive -ussamme -uissamme
elative -ustamme -uistamme
illative -uumme -uihimme
adessive -ullamme -uillamme
ablative -ultamme -uiltamme
allative -ullemme -uillemme
essive -unamme -uinamme
translative -uksemme -uiksemme
instructive — —
abessive -uttamme -uittamme
comitative — -uinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -unne -unne
accusative nom. -unne -unne
gen. -unne
genitive -unne -ujenne
partitive -uanne -ujanne
inessive -ussanne -uissanne
elative -ustanne -uistanne
illative -uunne -uihinne
adessive -ullanne -uillanne
ablative -ultanne -uiltanne
allative -ullenne -uillenne
essive -unanne -uinanne
translative -uksenne -uiksenne
instructive — —
abessive -uttanne -uittanne
comitative — -uinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -unsa -unsa
accusative nom. -unsa -unsa
gen. -unsa
genitive -unsa -ujensa
partitive -uaan
-uansa 		-ujaan
-ujansa
inessive -ussaan
-ussansa 		-uissaan
-uissansa
elative -ustaan
-ustansa 		-uistaan
-uistansa
illative -uunsa -uihinsa
adessive -ullaan
-ullansa 		-uillaan
-uillansa
ablative -ultaan
-ultansa 		-uiltaan
-uiltansa
allative -ulleen
-ullensa 		-uilleen
-uillensa
essive -unaan
-unansa 		-uinaan
-uinansa
translative -ukseen
-uksensa 		-uikseen
-uiksensa
instructive — —
abessive -uttaan
-uttansa 		-uittaan
-uittansa
comitative — -uineen
-uinensa
Inflection of -u (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation)
nominative -u -ut
genitive -un -ujen
-uiden
-uitten
partitive -ua -uja
-uita
illative -uun -uihin
singular plural
nominative -u -ut
accusative nom. -u -ut
gen. -un
genitive -un -ujen
-uiden
-uitten
partitive -ua -uja
-uita
inessive -ussa -uissa
elative -usta -uista
illative -uun -uihin
adessive -ulla -uilla
ablative -ulta -uilta
allative -ulle -uille
essive -una -uina
translative -uksi -uiksi
instructive — -uin
abessive -utta -uitta
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -u (type palvelu)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -uni -uni
accusative nom. -uni -uni
gen. -uni
genitive -uni -ujeni
-uideni
-uitteni
partitive -uani -ujani
-uitani
inessive -ussani -uissani
elative -ustani -uistani
illative -uuni -uihini
adessive -ullani -uillani
ablative -ultani -uiltani
allative -ulleni -uilleni
essive -unani -uinani
translative -ukseni -uikseni
instructive — —
abessive -uttani -uittani
comitative — -uineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -usi -usi
accusative nom. -usi -usi
gen. -usi
genitive -usi -ujesi
-uidesi
-uittesi
partitive -uasi -ujasi
-uitasi
inessive -ussasi -uissasi
elative -ustasi -uistasi
illative -uusi -uihisi
adessive -ullasi -uillasi
ablative -ultasi -uiltasi
allative -ullesi -uillesi
essive -unasi -uinasi
translative -uksesi -uiksesi
instructive — —
abessive -uttasi -uittasi
comitative — -uinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -umme -umme
accusative nom. -umme -umme
gen. -umme
genitive -umme -ujemme
-uidemme
-uittemme
partitive -uamme -ujamme
-uitamme
inessive -ussamme -uissamme
elative -ustamme -uistamme
illative -uumme -uihimme
adessive -ullamme -uillamme
ablative -ultamme -uiltamme
allative -ullemme -uillemme
essive -unamme -uinamme
translative -uksemme -uiksemme
instructive — —
abessive -uttamme -uittamme
comitative — -uinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -unne -unne
accusative nom. -unne -unne
gen. -unne
genitive -unne -ujenne
-uidenne
-uittenne
partitive -uanne -ujanne
-uitanne
inessive -ussanne -uissanne
elative -ustanne -uistanne
illative -uunne -uihinne
adessive -ullanne -uillanne
ablative -ultanne -uiltanne
allative -ullenne -uillenne
essive -unanne -uinanne
translative -uksenne -uiksenne
instructive — —
abessive -uttanne -uittanne
comitative — -uinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -unsa -unsa
accusative nom. -unsa -unsa
gen. -unsa
genitive -unsa -ujensa
-uidensa
-uittensa
partitive -uaan
-uansa 		-ujaan
-uitaan
-ujansa
-uitansa
inessive -ussaan
-ussansa 		-uissaan
-uissansa
elative -ustaan
-ustansa 		-uistaan
-uistansa
illative -uunsa -uihinsa
adessive -ullaan
-ullansa 		-uillaan
-uillansa
ablative -ultaan
-ultansa 		-uiltaan
-uiltansa
allative -ulleen
-ullensa 		-uilleen
-uillensa
essive -unaan
-unansa 		-uinaan
-uinansa
translative -ukseen
-uksensa 		-uikseen
-uiksensa
instructive — —
abessive -uttaan
-uttansa 		-uittaan
-uittansa
comitative — -uineen
-uinensa

Derived terms Edit

Finnish terms suffixed with -u

See also Edit

French Edit

Etymology Edit

Inherited from Latin -ūtus.[1]

Pronunciation Edit

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Forming adjectives having the sense of ‘having quality of, being provided with’ (the root word).
    ‎barbe (“beard”) + ‎-u → ‎barbu (“bearded”)
    ‎ventre (“belly”) + ‎-u → ‎ventru (“pot-bellied, rounded”)

Derived terms Edit

French terms suffixed with -u

References Edit

  1. ^ -u, -ue; in: Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert

Gothic Edit

Romanization Edit

-u

  1. Romanization of -𐌿

Greenlandic Edit

Etymology Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix Edit

-u (n-v?, truncative?, uses -j- as interfix?)

  1. be
    ilinniartitsisoq (“teacher”) -> ilinniartitsisiuuvugut (“we are teachers”) .
    Ukiuuvoq.
    It is winter.
    • 1998 May 7, “Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit / Grønlandsposten:
      Inatsisartunut ilaasortaq Jakob Sivertsen Atassummeersoq ilungersornertuujuvoq.
      MP Jakob Sivertsen, of Atassut, is diligent.
    • 1992, “Meeqqakka”, in Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten:
      Ernerput anguteqatiminoortartunngorsimavoq (19-inik ukioqarluni paasineqarpoq), niviarsiararlu nukarleq arnaqatiminoortartunngorsimalluni. Akulleq pissusissamisoortuuvoq.
      Our son has become gay (it was discovered when he was 19 years old), and the youngest girl has become a lesbian. The middle [child] is as she should be [i.e. heterosexual].

Usage notes Edit

May become additive after a strong q base.

References Edit

Hungarian Edit

Etymology Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation Edit

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a noun or a proper noun to form a diminutive.
    apa (“father”) → apu (“dad”)

Derived terms Edit

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -u

See also Edit

Ido Edit

Etymology Edit

Common vowel found in pronouns in Romance languages: French tu, Italian tu and Spanish tú, also in French vous and as an o in Italian voi and Spanish vos, etc. (Compare tu and vu)

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. suffix used to form pronouns indicating a person
    ‎omna (“all, every”) + ‎-u → ‎omnu (“everyone”)

Usage notes Edit

As it is used to form pronouns, you cannot use it to create nouns. Instead, to form an agent from an adjective like felica (“happy”), you just make it a noun: felico (“a happy person”).

Derived terms Edit

Ido terms suffixed with -u

Latin Edit

Suffix Edit

-ū

  1. ablative/locative singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.

Maltese Edit

Alternative forms Edit

  • -h (after a vowel)

Etymology Edit

From Arabic ـهُ‎ (-hu).

Suffix Edit

-u

  2. 3rd-person masculine singular pronominal suffix: his, him
    Synonym: tiegħu (only in possessive use)
    ‎sħab (“friends”) + ‎-u → ‎sħabu (“his friends”)
    ‎taħt (“under”) + ‎-u → ‎taħtu (“under him”)
    ‎jinsa (“he forgets”) + ‎-u → ‎jinsieh (“he forgets him”)

Related terms Edit

Maori Edit

Etymology Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Used in contractions with particles of possession to mean you

See also Edit

Maori personal pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person (exclusive) au, ahau māua mātou
1st person (inclusive) tāua tātou
2nd person koe kōrua koutou
3rd person ia rāua rātou

Northern Sami Edit

Pronunciation Edit

  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Etymology 1 Edit

From Proto-Samic *-ō. Cognate with Finnish -o.

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
Usage notes Edit
  • This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection Edit
Even u-stem, no gradation
Nominative -u
Genitive -u
-ọ
Singular Plural
Nominative -u -ut
Accusative -u -ūid
Genitive -u
-ọ 		-ūid
Illative -ui -ūide
Locative -us -ūin
Comitative -ūin -ūiguin
Essive -un
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person -on -ome -omet
2nd person -ot -ode -odet
3rd person -us -uska -uset
Derived terms Edit
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -u

Etymology 2 Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Form of the suffix -i used with verbs in -ut.
Usage notes Edit
  • This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection Edit
Even u-stem, no gradation
Nominative -u
Genitive -u
-ọ
Singular Plural
Nominative -u -ut
Accusative -u -ūid
Genitive -u
-ọ 		-ūid
Illative -ui -ūide
Locative -us -ūin
Comitative -ūin -ūiguin
Essive -un
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person -on -ome -omet
2nd person -ot -ode -odet
3rd person -us -uska -uset
Derived terms Edit
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -u

Old English Edit

Alternative forms Edit

Etymology Edit

From suppletive fusion of Old English feminine ending -u, -o and Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”). Akin to Gothic feminine abstracts in -𐌴𐌹 (-ei) (compare 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei, “greatness”); 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei, “depth”)).

Pronunciation Edit

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English -ness), often causing i-mutation, and remaining even when preceded by a long syllable
    ‎eald (“old”) + ‎-u → ‎ieldu (“age”)
    ‎hāliġ (“holy, sacred; pious”) + ‎-u → ‎hāligu (“holiness”)
    ‎hāl (“sound, healthy, intact”) + ‎-u → ‎hǣlu (“wholeness, health”)
    ‎hāt (“hot”) + ‎-u → ‎hǣtu (“heat, warmth”)
    ‎mennisc (“human, natural, humane”) + ‎-u → ‎menniscu (“humanity”)
    ‎miċel (“big, large; great”) + ‎-u → ‎miċelu (“greatness, size”)

Usage notes Edit

In later Old English, -u became -o and the declension altered to reflect the following paradigm

Declension of -u
Case Singular Plural
nominative -o -o
accusative -o -o
genitive -o -a
dative -o -um

Declension Edit

Declension of -u (strong ō-stem)
Case Singular Plural
nominative -u -a, -e
accusative -e -a, -e
genitive -e -a
dative -e -um

Derived terms Edit

Old English terms suffixed with -u

Old French Edit

Etymology Edit

From Latin -ūtus.

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. suffixed used to form adjectives (oblique masculine singular) from nouns

Derived terms Edit

Descendants Edit

  • Middle French: -u
    • French: -u

Phalura Edit

Etymology 1 Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation Edit

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Masculine singular agreement suffix

References Edit

  • Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[1], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Etymology 2 Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation Edit

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Masculine nominative/singular agreement suffix

References Edit

  • Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish Edit

Pronunciation Edit

  • IPA(key): /u/
  • Rhymes: -u
  • Syllabification: u

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. (sometimes archaic) forms the masculine dative singular, now used to create adverbs, always used in conjunction with po
    ‎polski + ‎-u → ‎po polsku
  2. forms the inanimate masculine genitive singular after soft or historically soft stems
    ‎kowal + ‎-u → ‎kowalu
  3. (rare) forms the masculine dative singular in certain words
    ‎chłopiec + ‎-u → ‎chłopcu
  4. forms the masculine locative singular
    ‎kowal + ‎-u → ‎kowalu
  5. forms the masculine vocative singular
    ‎kowal + ‎-u → ‎kowalu
  6. forms the feminine vocative singular after -ś and -ź
    ‎mamusia + ‎-u → ‎mamusiu
  7. forms the neuter dative singular in soft and velar stems
    ‎pole + ‎-u → ‎polu
    ‎stoisko + ‎-u → ‎stoisku
  8. forms the neuter locative singular in soft and velar stems
    ‎pole + ‎-u → ‎polu
    ‎stoisko + ‎-u → ‎stoisku

Derived terms Edit

Category Polish terms suffixed with -u not found

Further reading Edit

  • -u in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • -u in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Turkish Edit

preceding vowel
A / I E / İ O / U Ö / Ü
-ı -i -u -ü

Etymology 1 Edit

Accusative suffix.

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Form of -i after the vowels O / U.
    ‎doktor (“doctor”) + ‎-u → ‎doktoru

Etymology 2 Edit

Possessive suffix.

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Form of -i after the vowels O / U.
    ‎pantolon (“pants”) + ‎-u → ‎pantolonu (“his/her pants”)

Etymology 3 Edit

Derivative suffix.

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Form of -i after the vowels O / U.
    1. Derives nouns from verbs.
      ‎duy- (“to feel, to sense”) + ‎-u → ‎duyu (“sense”)

Welsh Edit

Etymology Edit

From Middle Welsh -u, from Proto-Brythonic *-oβ̃.

Pronunciation Edit

Suffix Edit

-u

  1. Forms verbnouns from verb stems.
    Synonyms: -a, -ed, -eg, -i, -o, -io

Usage notes Edit

This suffix is mostly used where the vowel in the last syllable is a, ae, e, or y.[1]

Derived terms Edit

Welsh terms suffixed with -u

References Edit

  1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 iii
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