-u
Albanian
editEtymology
editSuffixed definite article attached on nouns ending with k, g (IPA(key): [k], [ɡ]). From the ending Proto-Indo-European *-osyo. cognate to Messapic -aihi.[1][2][3]
Related to Albanian -i (“of the, etc.”), Albanian i (“of, the, to”).
Pronunciation
editArticle
edit-u m
Related terms
edit- (suffixed article, suffix): -a, -e, -ë, -i, -o, -ia, -ja, -je, -jë, -at, -et, -ët, -it, -ot, -ut, -të, -ri, -ishte, -ishtja
- (article, preposition): e, i, së, të
References
editChuukese
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-u
Esperanto
editEtymology 1
editEtymology unclear. Perhaps from the Greek -ou imperative (pronounced [u]) of deponent verbs such as dekhou “receive!”, or from the Hebrew imperative -û. It may instead—or also—be connected to the vowel of the Esperanto conditional suffix -us, minus the s of the indicative inflections.
Suffix
edit-u
- volitive inflection of verbs, indicating that an action or state is desired, requested, ordered, or aimed for.
- Donu ĝin al mi.
- Give it to me. (expresses a request or command)
- Ni faru tion.
- Let's do that. (expresses a desire or aim)
- Mi iru dormi.
- I ought to go to sleep. (expresses desirability of the action)
- Via infano sukcesu en la vivo.
- May your child be successful in life. (wish or desire)
- Mi volas, ke vi helpu min.
- I want you to help me. (desire)
- Ŝi petas, ke mi silentu.
- She asks that I be silent. (request)
Etymology 2
editApparently connected to the u at the end of unu (“one, a certain”).
Suffix
edit-u
Estonian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -e). Cognate with Finnish -u.
Suffix
edit-u (genitive -u, partitive -u)
- Derives nouns from verbs or prefixes
Derived terms
editFinnish
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-u, from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -e). Cognate with Estonian -u.
Suffix
edit-u (front vowel harmony variant -y, linguistic notation -U)
- Forms nouns from verbs. Most common with e- and i-stem verbs.
- Derives a number of nouns from other nouns.
Usage notes
editThe front-harmonic variant -y is only used when the first vowel of the word is one of the harmonic front vowels -y-, -ä-, -ö-; words beginning with neutral front vowels -e-, -i- take the back-harmonic variant.
Declension
editInflection of -u (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -u | -ut | |
genitive | -un | -ujen | |
partitive | -ua | -uja | |
illative | -uun | -uihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -u | -ut | |
accusative | nom. | -u | -ut |
gen. | -un | ||
genitive | -un | -ujen | |
partitive | -ua | -uja | |
inessive | -ussa | -uissa | |
elative | -usta | -uista | |
illative | -uun | -uihin | |
adessive | -ulla | -uilla | |
ablative | -ulta | -uilta | |
allative | -ulle | -uille | |
essive | -una | -uina | |
translative | -uksi | -uiksi | |
abessive | -utta | -uitta | |
instructive | — | -uin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -u (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Inflection of -u (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -u | -ut | |
genitive | -un | -ujen -uiden -uitten | |
partitive | -ua | -uja -uita | |
illative | -uun | -uihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -u | -ut | |
accusative | nom. | -u | -ut |
gen. | -un | ||
genitive | -un | -ujen -uiden -uitten | |
partitive | -ua | -uja -uita | |
inessive | -ussa | -uissa | |
elative | -usta | -uista | |
illative | -uun | -uihin | |
adessive | -ulla | -uilla | |
ablative | -ulta | -uilta | |
allative | -ulle | -uille | |
essive | -una | -uina | |
translative | -uksi | -uiksi | |
abessive | -utta | -uitta | |
instructive | — | -uin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -u (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Derived terms
editSee also
editFrench
editEtymology
editInherited from Latin -ūtus.[1]
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-u
- Forming adjectives having the sense of ‘having quality of, being provided with’ (the root word).
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ -u, -ue; in: Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert
Gothic
editRomanization
edit-u
- Romanization of -𐌿
Greenlandic
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-u (n-v?, truncative?, uses -j- as interfix?)
- be
- ilinniartitsisoq (“teacher”) -> ilinniartitsisiuuvugut (“we are teachers”) .
- Ukiuuvoq.
- It is winter.
- 1998 May 7, “Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit / Grønlandsposten:
- 1992, “Meeqqakka”, in Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten:
- Ernerput anguteqatiminoortartunngorsimavoq (19-inik ukioqarluni paasineqarpoq), niviarsiararlu nukarleq arnaqatiminoortartunngorsimalluni. Akulleq pissusissamisoortuuvoq.
- Our son has become gay (it was discovered when he was 19 years old), and the youngest girl has become a lesbian. The middle [child] is as she should be [i.e. heterosexual].
Usage notes
editMay become additive after a strong q base.
References
edit- Bjørnum, S.: Grønlandsk Grammatik, p. 275. Atuagkat 2003.
- Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 81, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014
- -u in Katersat
Hungarian
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-u
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a noun or a proper noun to form a diminutive.
Derived terms
editSee also
editIdo
editEtymology
editCommon vowel found in pronouns in Romance languages: French tu, Italian tu and Spanish tú, also in French vous and as an o in Italian voi and Spanish vos, etc. (Compare tu and vu)
Suffix
edit-u
Usage notes
editAs it is used to form pronouns, you cannot use it to create nouns. Instead, to form an agent from an adjective like felica (“happy”), you just make it a noun: felico (“a happy person”).
Derived terms
editKongo
editSuffix
edit-u
- used to form nouns denoting action or result of action
Latin
editSuffix
edit-ū
- ablative/locative singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
Maltese
editAlternative forms
edit- -h (after a vowel)
Etymology
editSuffix
edit-u
Related terms
editMaori
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-u
- Used in contractions with particles of possession to mean you
See also
editNorthern Sami
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Samic *-ō. Cognate with Finnish -o.
Suffix
edit-u
- Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
editEven u-stem, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -u | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -u -ọ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -u | -ut | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -u | -ūid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -u -ọ |
-ūid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -ui | -ūide | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -us | -ūin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -ūin | -ūiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -un | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-u
- Form of the suffix -i used with verbs in -ut.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
editEven u-stem, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -u | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -u -ọ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -u | -ut | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -u | -ūid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -u -ọ |
-ūid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -ui | -ūide | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -us | -ūin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -ūin | -ūiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -un | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
editOld English
editAlternative forms
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom suppletive fusion of ō-stem feminine singular nominative ending -u and Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”). Akin to Gothic feminine abstracts in -𐌴𐌹 (-ei) (compare 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei, “greatness”); 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei, “depth”)).
Suffix
edit-u f
- ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English -ness), normally causing i-mutation, and remaining even when preceded by a long syllable
- eald (“old”) + -u → ieldu (“age”)
- hāliġ (“holy, sacred; pious”) + -u → hāliġu (“holiness”)
- hāl (“sound, healthy, intact”) + -u → hǣlu (“wholeness, health”)
- hāt (“hot”) + -u → hǣtu (“heat, warmth”)
- mennisċ (“human, natural, humane”) + -u → mennisċu (“humanity”)
- miċel (“big, large; great”) + -u → miċelu (“greatness, size”)
Usage notes
editAccording to Ringe and Taylor[1], this suffix began as indeclinable *-i in the singular and nominative/accusative plural, before the ō-stem feminine nominative singular was borrowed. In Anglian, the new ending was then extended to the rest of these forms. This same extension was not complete in Early West Saxon, but eventually won out in Late West Saxon. Spellings of these forms with -o, and rarely -a, reflect the merger of unstressed back vowels in later Old English
Declension
editDerived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō. Apocope should have caused the loss of this ending after heavy stems, but the Anglian dialects generally retained it by analogy with short stems, or for its morphological significance. In West Saxon, this apocope led to replacement with the subjunctive singular -e, which was then extended to short stem verbs as well.
Suffix
edit-u (Anglian)
- Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
Etymology 3
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō
Suffix
edit-u f
Etymology 4
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-uz
Suffix
edit-u
- Used to form the nominative and accusative singular of short u-stem nouns
Etymology 5
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō
Suffix
edit-u n
Old French
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-u
- suffixed used to form adjectives (oblique masculine singular) from nouns
Derived terms
editDescendants
editPhalura
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-u
- Masculine singular agreement suffix
References
edit- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-u”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-u
- Masculine nominative/singular agreement suffix
References
editPolish
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /u/
- Rhymes: -u
- Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
- Homophones: ó, u, u-, -u-
Suffix
edit-u
- (sometimes archaic) forms the masculine dative singular, now used to create adverbs, always used in conjunction with po
- forms the inanimate masculine genitive singular after soft or historically soft stems
- (rare) forms the masculine dative singular in certain words
- forms the masculine locative singular
- forms the masculine vocative singular
- forms the feminine vocative singular after -ś and -ź
- forms the neuter dative singular in soft and velar stems
- forms the neuter locative singular in soft and velar stems
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -u in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Turkish
editpreceding vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü |
-ı | -i | -u | -ü |
Etymology 1
editAccusative suffix.
Suffix
edit-u
Etymology 2
editPossessive suffix.
Suffix
edit-u
Etymology 3
editDerivative suffix.
Suffix
edit-u
Welsh
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Welsh -u, from Proto-Brythonic *-oβ̃.
Pronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /i/
Suffix
edit-u
Usage notes
editThis suffix is mostly used where the vowel in the last syllable is a, ae, e, or y.[1]
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 iii
- Albanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Albanian lemmas
- Albanian articles
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Esperanto terms with usage examples
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- Esperanto BRO1
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian suffixes
- Estonian noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish valo-type nominals
- Finnish palvelu-type nominals
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- Gothic non-lemma forms
- Gothic romanizations
- Greenlandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greenlandic lemmas
- Greenlandic suffixes
- Greenlandic terms with quotations
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Ido terms borrowed from French
- Ido terms derived from French
- Ido terms borrowed from Italian
- Ido terms derived from Italian
- Ido terms borrowed from Spanish
- Ido terms derived from Spanish
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Kongo lemmas
- Kongo suffixes
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin suffix forms
- Maltese terms inherited from Arabic
- Maltese terms derived from Arabic
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese suffixes
- Maltese personal pronouns
- Maori lemmas
- Maori suffixes
- Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami lemmas
- Northern Sami suffixes
- Northern Sami noun-forming suffixes
- Northern Sami even nouns
- Northern Sami even u-stem nouns
- Northern Sami non-gradating even nouns
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old English lemmas
- Old English suffixes
- Old English feminine suffixes
- Old English īn-stem nouns
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Anglian Old English
- Old English neuter suffixes
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Phalura terms with IPA pronunciation
- Phalura lemmas
- Phalura suffixes
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/u
- Rhymes:Polish/u/1 syllable
- Polish terms with homophones
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish terms with archaic senses
- Polish terms with rare senses
- Turkish non-lemma forms
- Turkish suffix forms
- Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes
- Welsh inflectional suffixes