sulgema
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *sulkëdak, from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?]. Cognate to Finnish sulkea, Karelian sulkie, Votic sulko (“cold, runny nose”), Erzya сёлгомс (śolgoms, “to close”) and Moksha сёлгомс (śolgoms, “to close”).
Verb edit
sulgema (da-infinitive sulgeda)
- to close
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of sulgema (ÕS type 28/õppima, g-ø gradation)
| indicative | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | sulen | ei sule | 1st sing. | olen sulgenud | ei ole sulgenud pole sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | suled | 2nd sing. | oled sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | suleb | 3rd sing. | on sulgenud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | suleme | 1st plur. | oleme sulgenud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | sulete | 2nd plur. | olete sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | sulevad | 3rd plur. | on sulgenud | ||||||
| passive | suletakse | ei suleta | passive | on suletud | ei ole suletud pole suletud | ||||
| past | pluperfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | sulgesin | ei sulgenud | 1st sing. | olin sulgenud | ei olnud sulgenud polnud sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | sulgesid | 2nd sing. | olid sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | sulges | 3rd sing. | oli sulgenud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | sulgesime | 1st plur. | olime sulgenud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | sulgesite | 2nd plur. | olite sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | sulgesid | 3rd plur. | oli sulgenud | ||||||
| passive | suleti | ei suletud | passive | oli suletud | ei olnud suletud polnud suletud | ||||
| conditional | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | suleksin | ei suleks | 1st sing. | sulgenuksin oleksin sulgenud |
ei sulgenuks ei oleks sulgenud poleks sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | suleksid | 2nd sing. | sulgenuksid oleksid sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | suleks | 3rd sing. | sulgenuks oleks sulgenud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | suleksime | 1st plur. | sulgenuksime oleksime sulgenud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | suleksite | 2nd plur. | sulgenuksite oleksite sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | suleksid | 3rd plur. | sulgenuksid oleksid sulgenud | ||||||
| passive | suletaks | ei suletaks | passive | oleks suletud | ei oleks suletud poleks suletud | ||||
| imperative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||
| 2nd sing. | sule | ära sule | 2nd sing. | ole sulgenud | ära ole sulgenud | ||||
| 3rd sing. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd sing. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud | ||||
| 1st plur. | sulgegem | ärme suleme ärme sule ärgem sulgegem |
1st plur. | olgem sulgenud | ärme oleme sulgenud ärme ole sulgenud ärgem olgem sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd plur. | sulgege | ärge sulgege | 2nd plur. | olge sulgenud | ärge olge sulgenud | ||||
| 3rd plur. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd plur. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud | ||||
| passive | suletagu | ärgu suletagu | passive | olgu suletud | ärgu olgu suletud | ||||
| quotative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| voice | positive | negative | voice | positive | negative | ||||
| active | sulgevat | ei sulgevat | active | olevat sulgenud | ei olevat sulgenud polevat sulgenud | ||||
| passive | suletavat | ei suletavat | passive | olevat suletud | ei olevat suletud polevat suletud | ||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||
| ma-infinitive | active | passive | da-infinitive | present | past | ||||
| nominative | sulgema | suletama | nominative | sulgeda | olla sulgenud | ||||
| illative | — | inessive | sulgedes | olles sulgenud | |||||
| inessive | sulgemas | participle | active | passive | |||||
| elative | sulgemast | present | sulgev | suletav | |||||
| translative | sulgemaks | past | sulgenud | suletud | |||||
| abessive | sulgemata | negative | sulgematu | — | |||||
Conjugation of sulgema (ÕS type 27/elama, no gradation)
| indicative | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | sulgen | ei sulge | 1st sing. | olen sulgenud | ei ole sulgenud pole sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | sulged | 2nd sing. | oled sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | sulgeb | 3rd sing. | on sulgenud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | sulgeme | 1st plur. | oleme sulgenud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | sulgete | 2nd plur. | olete sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | sulgevad | 3rd plur. | on sulgenud | ||||||
| passive | sulgetakse | ei sulgeta | passive | on sulgetud | ei ole sulgetud pole sulgetud | ||||
| past | pluperfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | sulgesin | ei sulgenud | 1st sing. | olin sulgenud | ei olnud sulgenud polnud sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | sulgesid | 2nd sing. | olid sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | sulges | 3rd sing. | oli sulgenud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | sulgesime | 1st plur. | olime sulgenud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | sulgesite | 2nd plur. | olite sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | sulgesid | 3rd plur. | oli sulgenud | ||||||
| passive | sulgeti | ei sulgetud | passive | oli sulgetud | ei olnud sulgetud polnud sulgetud | ||||
| conditional | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | sulgeksin | ei sulgeks | 1st sing. | sulgenuksin oleksin sulgenud |
ei sulgenuks ei oleks sulgenud poleks sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | sulgeksid | 2nd sing. | sulgenuksid oleksid sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | sulgeks | 3rd sing. | sulgenuks oleks sulgenud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | sulgeksime | 1st plur. | sulgenuksime oleksime sulgenud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | sulgeksite | 2nd plur. | sulgenuksite oleksite sulgenud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | sulgeksid | 3rd plur. | sulgenuksid oleksid sulgenud | ||||||
| passive | sulgetaks | ei sulgetaks | passive | oleks sulgetud | ei oleks sulgetud poleks sulgetud | ||||
| imperative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||
| 2nd sing. | sulge | ära sulge | 2nd sing. | ole sulgenud | ära ole sulgenud | ||||
| 3rd sing. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd sing. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud | ||||
| 1st plur. | sulgegem | ärme sulgeme ärme sulge ärgem sulgegem |
1st plur. | olgem sulgenud | ärme oleme sulgenud ärme ole sulgenud ärgem olgem sulgenud | ||||
| 2nd plur. | sulgege | ärge sulgege | 2nd plur. | olge sulgenud | ärge olge sulgenud | ||||
| 3rd plur. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd plur. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud | ||||
| passive | sulgetagu | ärgu sulgetagu | passive | olgu sulgetud | ärgu olgu sulgetud | ||||
| quotative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| voice | positive | negative | voice | positive | negative | ||||
| active | sulgevat | ei sulgevat | active | olevat sulgenud | ei olevat sulgenud polevat sulgenud | ||||
| passive | sulgetavat | ei sulgetavat | passive | olevat sulgetud | ei olevat sulgetud polevat sulgetud | ||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||
| ma-infinitive | active | passive | da-infinitive | present | past | ||||
| nominative | sulgema | sulgetama | nominative | sulgeda | olla sulgenud | ||||
| illative | — | inessive | sulgedes | olles sulgenud | |||||
| inessive | sulgemas | participle | active | passive | |||||
| elative | sulgemast | present | sulgev | sulgetav | |||||
| translative | sulgemaks | past | sulgenud | sulgetud | |||||
| abessive | sulgemata | negative | sulgematu | — | |||||