戰慄

See also: 战栗

Chinese edit

	to fight; fight; war to fight; fight; war; battle	afraid; trembling
trad. (戰慄/戰栗)	戰	慄/栗
simp. (战栗)	战	栗
alternative forms	顫慄／颤栗

Etymology edit

From the Analects, Book 3 (《論語·八佾》):

哀公問社於宰我。宰我對曰：「夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗。曰：『使民戰栗。』」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

哀公问社于宰我。宰我对曰：「夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗。曰：『使民战栗。』」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Āi gōng wèn shè yú Zǎi wǒ. Zǎi wǒ duì yuē: “Xiàhòushì yǐ sōng, yīn rén yǐ bǎi, zhōu rén yǐ lì. Yuē: ‘Shǐ mín zhànlì.’” [Pinyin]

The duke Ai asked Zai Wo about the altars of the spirits of the land. Zai Wo replied, "The Xia sovereign planted the pine tree about them; the men of the Yin planted the cypress; and the men of the Zhou planted the chestnut tree, meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe."

栗 (lì, “chestnut”) and 慄／栗 (lì, “to tremble”) are homophonic.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhànlì

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄢˋ ㄌㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zin³ leot⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhànlì
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄢˋ ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhànlì
  - Wade–Giles: chan⁴-li⁴
  - Yale: jàn-lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jannlih
  - Palladius: чжаньли (čžanʹli)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    戰力／战力
    戰慄／战栗
    站立
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zin³ leot⁶
  - Yale: jin leuht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzin³ loet⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: jin³ lêd⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siːn³³ lɵt̚²/

Middle Chinese: tsyenH lit

Rime
Character	戰	慄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)	質 (48)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	之膳切	力質切
Baxter	tsyenH	lit
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇn^H/	/liɪt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛn^H/	/lit̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjæn^H/	/ljet̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cian^H/	/lit̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɛn^H/	/liĕt̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭɛn^H/	/lĭĕt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ɛn^H/	/li̯ĕt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhàn	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zin³	lat⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*tjans riɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	戰
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhàn
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyen^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tar-s/
English	to fear
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	戰	慄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2019	7971
Phonetic component	單	栗
Rime group	元	質
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	戰	栗
Old Chinese	/*tjans/	/*riɡ/