کشور
Mazanderani edit
Noun edit
کشور (transliteration needed)
Pashto edit
Noun edit
کشور • (kišwár) m
Declension edit
References edit
- “کشور”, in Pashto Dictionary, Peshawar, Pakistan: Pukhtoogle, 2020.
- Pashtoon, Zeeya A. (2009) “کشور”, in Pashto–English Dictionary, Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press
Persian edit
Alternative forms edit
- کشکر (keškar) (dialectical, obsolete)
Etymology edit
From Middle Persian 𐭪𐭱𐭥𐭥 (kišvar), from Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀 (karšvar, “realm, region; one of the seven realms of the world”), from the root 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀 (karš-, “to plough”) (the same root as کشیدن (kašidan, “to pull, draw, stretch”), hence "a tract of land bordered by a ploughed line".
The term, a Middle Persian ecclesiastical borrowing from Avestan, originally referred to the "seven realms of the (known) world" to the ancient Iranic people, which was virtually only the ancient Indo-Iranian world of Inner Asia. With the expansion of knowledge of the world during the Middle Iranian era, the term expanded to refer to more broader regions. With the secularization of the term following the rise of Islam in Persia, it came to refer to realms, countries, or territories more generally.
Compare Central Kurdish کیشوهر (kîşwer, “continent”), Sogdian 𐫐𐫏𐫢𐫛 (kyšp /kišp/, “country”), and Parthian [script needed] (kišfar).
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [kiʃ.ˈwaɾ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [kʰʲeʃ.vǽɹ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [kʰiʃ.vǽɾ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | kišwar |
Dari reading? | kišwar |
Iranian reading? | kešvar |
Tajik reading? | kišvar |
Noun edit
Dari | کشور |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | кишвар |
کِشْوَر • (kešvar) (plural کشورها (kešvar-hâ))
Inflection edit
Basic forms of کشور (kešvar) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
bare | کشور (kešvar) |
کشورها (kešvar-hấ) کشورا △ (kešvarấ) |
definitive direct object | کشور را (kešvar râ) کشور رو △ (kešvaro) |
کشورها را (kešvar-hấ râ) کشورا رو △ (kešvarấ ro) |
ezâfe | کشور (kešvar-e) |
کشورهای (kešvar-hấ-ye) کشورای △ (kešvarấ-ye) |
marked indefinite or relative definite |
کشوری (kešvar-i) |
کشورهایی (kešvarấn-i, kešvar-hấ-i) کشورایی △ (kešvarấi) |
△ Colloquial. |
Derived terms edit
- هفت کشور (haft-kešvar, “the seven realms”)
Urdu edit
Etymology 1 edit
Borrowed from Classical Persian کشور (kišwar, “realm, region; country; kingdom, territory; clime”).
Cognate Pashto کشور (kišwár), Central Kurdish کیشوهر (kîşwer, “continent”), and Sogdian [script needed] (kyšp /kišp/, “country”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /kɪʃ.ʋəɾ/
Noun edit
کِشْوَر • (kiśvar) m (Hindi spelling किशवर)
Declension edit
Declension of کشور | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
direct | کشور (kiśvar) | کشور (kiśvar) |
oblique | کشور (kiśvar) | کشوروں (kiśvarō̃) |
vocative | کشور (kiśvar) | کشورو (kiśvarō) |
Derived terms edit
- ہَفت کِشوَر (haft-kišvar, “the seven realms; the world”)
- کِشْوَ رآرا (kišvar-āra)
- کِشْوَر سِتاں (kišvar-sitā)
- کِشْوَر سِتانی (kišvar-sitānī)
- کِشْوَر کُشا (kišvar-kušā, “conqueor”)
- کِشْوَر کُشائی (kišvar-kušā'ī, “conquest”)
- کِشْوَر گِیر (kišvar-gīr)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /kɪ.ʃoːɾ/
Noun edit
کِشور • (kiśor) m (Hindi spelling किशोर)
Declension edit
Declension of کشور | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
direct | کشور (kiśor) | کشور (kiśor) |
oblique | کشور (kiśor) | کشوروں (kiśorō̃) |
vocative | کشور (kiśor) | کشورو (kiśorō) |
Related terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /kʃɔːɾ/
Noun edit
کْشور • (kśor) m (Hindi spelling क्षौर)