चक्र

Hindi edit

Etymology edit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra). Doublet of चक्कर (cakkar) and चरख़ा (carxā).

Pronunciation edit

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃək.ɾᵊ/, [t͡ʃɐk.ɾᵊ]

Noun edit

चक्र • (cakra) m (Urdu spelling چکر)

circle, ring
wheel
cycle; sequence, progression
जल चक्र ― jal cakra ― water cycle
(historical) chakram (an old Indian coin from Travancore)

Declension edit

Declension of चक्र (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	चक्र cakra	चक्र cakra
oblique	चक्र cakra	चक्रों cakrõ
vocative	चक्र cakra	चक्रो cakro

Synonyms edit

चक्कर (cakkar) (less formal)

Derived terms edit

References edit

Bahri, Hardev (1989) “चक्र”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “चक्र”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
“चक्र”, in Collins Gem Hindi-English Dictionary, Collins, 2011, →ISBN
Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “चक्र”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “चक्र”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Platts, John T. (1884) “चक्र”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit edit

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

চক্ৰ (Assamese script)
ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
চক্র (Bengali script)
𑰓𑰎𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
စကြ (Burmese script)
ચક્ર (Gujarati script)
ਚਕੑਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌚𑌕𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦕꦏꦿ (Javanese script)
𑂒𑂍𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ಚಕ್ರ (Kannada script)
ចក្រ (Khmer script)
ຈກ຺ຣ (Lao script)
ചക്ര (Malayalam script)
ᢜᠠᡬᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘓𑘎𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
ᢋᠠᢉᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦳𑦮𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
ଚକ୍ର (Odia script)
ꢗꢒ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆖𑆑𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖓𑖎𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
චක්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
𑩡𑩜 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚏𑚊𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
சக்ர (Tamil script)
చక్ర (Telugu script)
จกฺร (Thai script)
ཙ་ཀྲ (Tibetan script)
𑒔𑒏𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨣𑨋𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ/

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ćakrám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakrám, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (caxra, “wheel”), Persian (čarx), Old Church Slavonic коло (kolo), Lithuanian kãklas, Tocharian B kokale, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Latin colus, Old English hwēol (whence English wheel).

Noun edit

चक्र • (cakrá) stem, n or m

the wheel (of a carriage, of the Sun's chariot, of Time)^[1]
a potter's wheel (ShBr.)^[1]
a discus or sharp circular missile weapon, especially that of Vishnu^[1]
a circle (Puranic)^[1]
an astronomical circle, the zodiac^[1]
a mystical circle or diagram^[1]
a cycle, cycle of years or of seasons^[1]
a circle or depression of the body (for mystical or chiromantic purposes; 6 in number, one above the other), the fontenelle or union of the coronal and sagittal sutures^[1]
(prosody) name of a poetic metre^[1]
a troop, multitude^[1]

Declension edit

Neuter a-stem declension of चक्र (cakrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चक्रम् cakrám	चक्रे cakré	चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cakrā́ṇi / cakrā́¹
Vocative	चक्र cákra	चक्रे cákre	चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cákrāṇi / cákrā¹
Accusative	चक्रम् cakrám	चक्रे cakré	चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cakrā́ṇi / cakrā́¹
Instrumental	चक्रेण cakréṇa	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रैः / चक्रेभिः¹ cakraíḥ / cakrébhiḥ¹
Dative	चक्राय cakrā́ya	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Ablative	चक्रात् cakrā́t	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Genitive	चक्रस्य cakrásya	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्राणाम् cakrā́ṇām
Locative	चक्रे cakré	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्रेषु cakréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of चक्र (cakrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चक्रः cakráḥ	चक्रौ / चक्रा¹ cakraú / cakrā́¹	चक्राः / चक्रासः¹ cakrā́ḥ / cakrā́saḥ¹
Vocative	चक्र cákra	चक्रौ / चक्रा¹ cákrau / cákrā¹	चक्राः / चक्रासः¹ cákrāḥ / cákrāsaḥ¹
Accusative	चक्रम् cakrám	चक्रौ / चक्रा¹ cakraú / cakrā́¹	चक्रान् cakrā́n
Instrumental	चक्रेण cakréṇa	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रैः / चक्रेभिः¹ cakraíḥ / cakrébhiḥ¹
Dative	चक्राय cakrā́ya	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Ablative	चक्रात् cakrā́t	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Genitive	चक्रस्य cakrásya	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्राणाम् cakrā́ṇām
Locative	चक्रे cakré	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्रेषु cakréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms edit

गणचक्र (gaṇacakra)

Descendants edit

Assamese: চকা (soka), চকৰ (sokor)
Bengali: চাকা (caka), চক্কর (cokkor)
Marathi: चाक (cāk)
Odia: ଚକ (côkô)
Pali: cakka
- → Burmese: စက် (cak)
  - → Shan: ၸၢၵ်ႈ (tsāak)
  - → Jingpho: jak
  - → S'gaw Karen: စဲး (seḧ)
  - → Western Kayah: ꤡꤢꤧ (cae)
  - → Zaiwa: svdiq
- → Lao: ຈັກ (chak), ຈັກກະ (chak ka)
Punjabi: ਚੱਕਰ (cakkar, “circle, rotation”), ਚੱਕਾ (cakkā, “wheel, rim”)
Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠇꠣ (saxa), ꠌꠇꠞ (soxor)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓 (cakka)
- Konkani: cāk
  Devanagari script: चाक
  
  Kannada script: ಚಾಕ್
  
  Latin script: chaak
- Old Marathi: cāka
  Devanagari script: चाक
  
  Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘎
- Marathi: चाक (cāk)
Borrowings:
- → Bengali: চক্র (cokro)
- → English: chakra, chakram
- → Finnish: chakra
- → Gujarati: ચક્ર (cakra)
- → Hindi: चक्र (cakra), चक्कर (cakkar)
- → Kannada: ಚಕ್ರ (cakra)
- → Malay: cakera, cakra (چاکرا)
- → Malayalam: ചക്രം (cakraṁ)
- → Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: chakra
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: chakra
- → Old Javanese: cakra
  - Javanese: ꦕꦏꦿ (cakra)
  - → Balinese: ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (cakra)
- → Old Tamil: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀫𑁆 (cakkaram)
  - Tamil: சக்கரம் (cakkaram, “wheel”), சக்கிரம் (cakkiram)
- → Portuguese: chacra
- → Santali: ᱪᱚᱠ (côk) (borrowed from Middle-Indo-Aryan)
- → Spanish: chakra
- → Sylheti: ꠌꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ (sokkor)
- → Tagalog: sakla
- → Telugu: చక్రము (cakramu)
- → Thai: จักร (jàk)

Etymology 2 edit

Verb form edit

चक्र • (cakrá)

second-person plural active of चकार (cakāra), perfect of कृ (kṛ)

References edit

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 Monier Williams (1899) “चक्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0380.

[MW-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 Monier Williams (1899) “चक्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0380.

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