दुःख

See also: दूःख, देखो, दाख, देख, देखि, दुखी, and दुःखी

Hindi

Alternative forms

• दुख (dukh)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha). Cognate with Assamese দুখ (dukh), Bengali দু:খ (duḥkho), Odia ଦୁଃଖ (duḥkha), Marathi दुःख (duḥkha), Nepali दुःख (duḥkh), Gujarati દુઃખ (duḥkha), English dukkha.

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊkʰ/, /d̪ʊ(ɦ)kʰ/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkh) m (Urdu spelling دکھ)

1. sorrow, grief, sadness

   Synonyms: ग़म (ġam), उदासी (udāsī)

   अपना दुःख मित्र के साथ बाँटना चाहिए।

   apnā duḥkh mitra ke sāth bā̃ṭnā cāhie.

   You should share your sorrows with friends.

2. suffering, distress

   Synonym: कष्ट (kaṣṭ)

   Antonym: सुख (sukh)

   उसने जीवन में बहुत दुःख उठाया।

   usne jīvan mẽ bahut duḥkh uṭhāyā.

   He has endured much suffering in his life.

Declension

Declension of दुःख (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दुःख duḥkh	दुःख duḥkh
oblique	दुःख duḥkh	दुःखों duḥkhõ
vocative	दुःख duḥkh	दुःखो duḥkho

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “दुःख”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (duḥkha), from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪u.ʰkʰə/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha) n

1. grief, sadness, unhappiness, sorrow

   दु:ख व्यक्त केल्याने मनावरील ओझे हलके होते।

   du:kha vyakta kelyāne manāvrīl ojhe halke hote.

   Expressing grief eases the burden on the mind.

Declension

Declension of दुःख (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	दुःख duḥkha
direct plural	दुःखे, दुःखं duḥkhae, duḥkha
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	दुःख duḥkha		दुःखे, दुःखं duḥkhae, duḥkha
oblique सामान्यरूप	दुःखा duḥkhaā		दुःखां- duḥkhaān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	दुःखाला duḥkhaālā		दुःखांना duḥkhaānnā
ergative	दुःखाने, दुःखानं duḥkhaāne, duḥkhaāna		दुःखांनी duḥkhaānnī
instrumental	दुःखाशी duḥkhaāśī		दुःखांशी duḥkhaānśī
locative सप्तमी	दुःखात duḥkhaāt		दुःखांत duḥkhaāt
vocative संबोधन	दुःखा duḥkhaā		दुःखांनो duḥkhaānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of दुःख (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	दुःखाचा duḥkhaāċā	दुःखाचे duḥkhaāċe	दुःखाची duḥkhaācī	दुःखाच्या duḥkhaācā	दुःखाचे, दुःखाचं duḥkhaāċe, duḥkhaāċa	दुःखाची duḥkhaācī	दुःखाच्या duḥkhaācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	दुःखांचा duḥkhaānċā	दुःखांचे duḥkhaānċe	दुःखांची duḥkhaāñcī	दुःखांच्या duḥkhaāncā	दुःखांचे, दुःखांचं duḥkhaānċe, duḥkhaānċa	दुःखांची duḥkhaāñcī	दुःखांच्या duḥkhaāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “दुःख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “दुःख”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Nepali

Alternative forms

• दुख (dukha)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪uk̚kʰʌ], [d̪uk̞ʰʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दुक्ख, or दुखअ

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha)

1. sorrow, grief, sadness
2. suffering, distress

   Synonyms: वेदना (vedanā), कष्ट (kaṣṭa), क्लेश (kleś)

   Antonym: सुख (sukha)

3. trouble, hardship

   Synonym: तकलीफ (taklīph)

4. shortage, need

References

• “दुःख”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “दुःख”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• दुᳵख (duxkha)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দুঃখ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬸᬄᬔ (Balinese script)
• দুঃখ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰲𑰾𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔 (Brahmi script)
• ဒုးခ (Burmese script)
• દુઃખ (Gujarati script)
• ਦੁਃਖ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑍁𑌃𑌖 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦸꦃꦑ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂳𑂂𑂎 (Kaithi script)
• ದುಃಖ (Kannada script)
• ទុះខ (Khmer script)
• ທຸະຂ (Lao script)
• ദുഃഖ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᡠᢁᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠤᢁ᠋ᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧔𑧟𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐸𑑅𑐏 (Newa script)
• ଦୁଃଖ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢸꢁꢓ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆶𑆂𑆒 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖲𑖾𑖏 (Siddham script)
• දුඃඛ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩒𑪗𑩝 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚰𑚬𑚋 (Takri script)
• து³𑌃க² (Tamil script)
• దుఃఖ (Telugu script)
• ทุะข (Thai script)
• དུཿ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒳𑓁𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨃𑨹𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Created as antonym to सुख n (sukhá, “ease, pleasure”), with the element दुस्- (dus-).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /duh.kʰɐ́/, [dux.kʰɐ́]
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪uh.kʰɐ/

Noun

दुःख • (duḥkhá) stem, n

1. sorrow, distress, suffering, grief, misery, uneasiness, pain

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of दुःख

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुःखम् (duḥkhám)	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखानि (duḥkhā́ni) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
accusative	दुःखम् (duḥkhám)	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखानि (duḥkhā́ni) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
instrumental	दुःखेन (duḥkhéna)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखैः (duḥkhaíḥ) दुःखेभिः¹ (duḥkhébhiḥ¹)
dative	दुःखाय (duḥkhā́ya)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखेभ्यः (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
ablative	दुःखात् (duḥkhā́t)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखेभ्यः (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
genitive	दुःखस्य (duḥkhásya)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखानाम् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखेषु (duḥkhéṣu)
vocative	दुःख (dúḥkha)	दुःखे (dúḥkhe)	दुःखानि (dúḥkhāni) दुःखा¹ (dúḥkhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: দুখ (dukh)
• Romani: dukh
• → Bengali: দুঃখ (dukkho)
• → Bikol Central: dukha
• → Hindi: दुःख (duḥkh)
• → Kannada: ದುಃಖ (duḥkha)
• → Malayalam: ദുഃഖം (duḥkhaṁ)
• → Marathi: दुःख (duḥkha)
• → Nepali: दुःख (duḥkha)
• → Pali: dukkha
  • → Malay: duka
  • → Burmese: ဒုက္ခ (dukhka.)
  • → English: dukkha
  • → Thai: ทุกข์ (túk)
  • → Khmer: ទុក្ខ (tuk)
  • → Tagalog: dukhâ
• → Punjabi: ਦੁੱਖ (dukkha)
• → Tagalog: dukha
• ⇒ Hindi: दुख (dukh)
• ⇒ Urdu: دکھ (dukh)
• → Tamil: துக்கம் (tukkam)
• → Telugu: దుఃఖము (duḥkhamu)

Adjective

दुःख • (duḥkhá) stem

1. painful, uncomfortable, uneasy, difficult

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दुःख

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुःखः (duḥkháḥ)	दुःखौ (duḥkhaú) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)	दुःखाः (duḥkhā́ḥ) दुःखासः¹ (duḥkhā́saḥ¹)
accusative	दुःखम् (duḥkhám)	दुःखौ (duḥkhaú) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)	दुःखान् (duḥkhā́n)
instrumental	दुःखेन (duḥkhéna)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखैः (duḥkhaíḥ) दुःखेभिः¹ (duḥkhébhiḥ¹)
dative	दुःखाय (duḥkhā́ya)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखेभ्यः (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
ablative	दुःखात् (duḥkhā́t)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखेभ्यः (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
genitive	दुःखस्य (duḥkhásya)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखानाम् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखेषु (duḥkhéṣu)
vocative	दुःख (dúḥkha)	दुःखौ (dúḥkhau) दुःखा¹ (dúḥkhā¹)	दुःखाः (dúḥkhāḥ) दुःखासः¹ (dúḥkhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दुःखा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुःखा (duḥkhā́)	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखाः (duḥkhā́ḥ)
accusative	दुःखाम् (duḥkhā́m)	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखाः (duḥkhā́ḥ)
instrumental	दुःखया (duḥkháyā) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखाभिः (duḥkhā́bhiḥ)
dative	दुःखायै (duḥkhā́yai)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखाभ्यः (duḥkhā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	दुःखायाः (duḥkhā́yāḥ) दुःखायै² (duḥkhā́yai²)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखाभ्यः (duḥkhā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	दुःखायाः (duḥkhā́yāḥ) दुःखायै² (duḥkhā́yai²)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखानाम् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुःखायाम् (duḥkhā́yām)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखासु (duḥkhā́su)
vocative	दुःखे (dúḥkhe)	दुःखे (dúḥkhe)	दुःखाः (dúḥkhāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दुःख

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दुःखम् (duḥkhám)	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखानि (duḥkhā́ni) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
accusative	दुःखम् (duḥkhám)	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखानि (duḥkhā́ni) दुःखा¹ (duḥkhā́¹)
instrumental	दुःखेन (duḥkhéna)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखैः (duḥkhaíḥ) दुःखेभिः¹ (duḥkhébhiḥ¹)
dative	दुःखाय (duḥkhā́ya)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखेभ्यः (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
ablative	दुःखात् (duḥkhā́t)	दुःखाभ्याम् (duḥkhā́bhyām)	दुःखेभ्यः (duḥkhébhyaḥ)
genitive	दुःखस्य (duḥkhásya)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखानाम् (duḥkhā́nām)
locative	दुःखे (duḥkhé)	दुःखयोः (duḥkháyoḥ)	दुःखेषु (duḥkhéṣu)
vocative	दुःख (dúḥkha)	दुःखे (dúḥkhe)	दुःखानि (dúḥkhāni) दुःखा¹ (dúḥkhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “दुःख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 483, column 2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “duḥkhá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 730
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “duḥkha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press