प्रमाण

See also: परमाणु, and परिमाण

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रमाण (pramāṇa). Doublet of फ़रमान (farmān).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /pɾə.mɑːɳ/, [pɾɐ.mä̃ːɳ]

Noun

प्रमाण • (pramāṇ) m (Urdu spelling پرمان)

1. proof, evidence, vindication, authentication, attestation

   Synonym: सबूत (sabūt)

   उसके प्रमाण पर आपत्ति मत करो।

   uske pramāṇ par āpatti mat karo.

   Do not question his proof.

2. measure, rate, scale, magnitude, standard (whether of weight, length, or capacity)

Declension

Declension of प्रमाण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	प्रमाण pramāṇ	प्रमाण pramāṇ
oblique	प्रमाण pramāṇ	प्रमाणों pramāṇõ
vocative	प्रमाण pramāṇ	प्रमाणो pramāṇo

Derived terms

• प्रमाण करना (pramāṇ karnā)
• प्रमाणकर्ता (pramāṇkartā)
• प्रमाण-पुरुष (pramāṇ-puruṣ)
• प्रमाणभूत (pramāṇbhūt)

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “प्रमाण”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi प्रमाण (pramāṇa), from Sanskrit प्रमाण (pramāṇa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pɾə.maɳ/

Noun

प्रमाण • (pramāṇ) n

1. measure, amount

   Synonym: माप (māp)

2. extent, scale, proportion

   Synonym: आकार (ākār)

3. proof, evidence

   Synonym: पुरावा (purāvā)

4. (uncommon) binding, obligatory

   Synonyms: बंधनकारक (bandhankārak), अनिवार्य (anivārya)

Declension

Declension of प्रमाण (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	प्रमाण pramāṇa
direct plural	प्रमाणे, प्रमाणं pramāṇae, pramāṇa
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	प्रमाण pramāṇa		प्रमाणे, प्रमाणं pramāṇae, pramāṇa
oblique सामान्यरूप	प्रमाणा pramāṇaā		प्रमाणां- pramāṇaān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	प्रमाणाला pramāṇaālā		प्रमाणांना pramāṇaānnā
ergative	प्रमाणाने, प्रमाणानं pramāṇaāne, pramāṇaāna		प्रमाणांनी pramāṇaānnī
instrumental	प्रमाणाशी pramāṇaāśī		प्रमाणांशी pramāṇaānśī
locative सप्तमी	प्रमाणात pramāṇaāt		प्रमाणांत pramāṇaāt
vocative संबोधन	प्रमाणा pramāṇaā		प्रमाणांनो pramāṇaānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of प्रमाण (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	प्रमाणाचा pramāṇaāċā	प्रमाणाचे pramāṇaāċe	प्रमाणाची pramāṇaācī	प्रमाणाच्या pramāṇaācā	प्रमाणाचे, प्रमाणाचं pramāṇaāċe, pramāṇaāċa	प्रमाणाची pramāṇaācī	प्रमाणाच्या pramāṇaācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	प्रमाणांचा pramāṇaānċā	प्रमाणांचे pramāṇaānċe	प्रमाणांची pramāṇaāñcī	प्रमाणांच्या pramāṇaāncā	प्रमाणांचे, प्रमाणांचं pramāṇaānċe, pramāṇaānċa	प्रमाणांची pramāṇaāñcī	प्रमाणांच्या pramāṇaāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “प्रमाण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Tulpule, Shankar Gopal; Feldhaus, Anne, “प्रमाण”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• প্ৰমাণ (Assamese script)
• ᬧ᭄ᬭᬫᬵᬡ (Balinese script)
• প্রমাণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰢𑰿𑰨𑰦𑰯𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀸𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• ပြမာဏ (Burmese script)
• પ્રમાણ (Gujarati script)
• ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌮𑌾𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦥꦿꦩꦴꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂧𑂰𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ಪ್ರಮಾಣ (Kannada script)
• ប្រមាណ (Khmer script)
• ປ຺ຣມາຓ (Lao script)
• പ്രമാണ (Malayalam script)
• ᢒᡵᠠᠮᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘦𑘰𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᢒᠷᠠᠮᠠᢗᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧂𑧠𑧈𑧆𑧑𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐩𑐵𑐞 (Newa script)
• ପ୍ରମାଣ (Odia script)
• ꢦ꣄ꢬꢪꢵꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆥𑇀𑆫𑆩𑆳𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖢𑖿𑖨𑖦𑖯𑖜 (Siddham script)
• ප්‍රමාණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩰 𑪙𑩼𑩴𑩛𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚢𑚭𑚘 (Takri script)
• ப்ரமாண (Tamil script)
• ప్రమాణ (Telugu script)
• ปฺรมาณ (Thai script)
• པྲ་མཱ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒣𑓂𑒩𑒧𑒰𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨞𑩇𑨫𑨢𑨊𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pramaHnam, from *pra- +‎ *maHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁nom, from *meh₁- (“to measure”). Cognate with Old Persian 𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎠 (framānā); see New Persian فرمان (farmân, “decree”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɾɐ.mɑː.ɳɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɾɐˈmɑː.ɳɐ/

Noun

प्रमाण • (pramāṇa) stem, n

1. proof, authority; any proof, testimony, or evidence
2. measurement, dimensions, length; measure of any kind
3. accordance of the movements in dancing with music and song

Descendants

• Pali: pramana
• Prakrit: 𑀧𑀫𑀸𑀡 (pamāṇa)
  • Central:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Gujarati: પરમાણ (parmāṇ)
  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Bengali: পানা (pana)
  • Southern:
    • Helu Prakrit:
      • Dhivehi: ފުރަމާނަ (furamāna)
      • Sinhalese: ප්‍රමාණය (pramāṇaya)
  • Western:
    • Takka Apabhramsa:
      • Punjabi: parmāṇ

        Gurmukhi script: ਪਰਮਾਣ

        Shahmukhi script: پَرمَاݨ

• → Hindi: प्रमाण (pramāṇ)
• → Old Javanese: pramāṇa
  • Javanese: ꦥꦿꦩꦤ (pramana)
    • → Indonesian: Pramono
  • → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬫᬡ (pramana)
• → Old Marathi: प्रमाण (pramāṇa)
  • → Marathi: प्रमाण (pramāṇ)

References

• “Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[1], 2012 January 6 (last accessed)
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “pramana”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 492