Wiktionary

शम

See also: शाम, शमा, and शम्

Hindi edit

Etymology edit

Learned borrowing from Classical Sanskrit शम (śama).

Pronunciation edit

  • (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /ʃəm/, [ʃɐ̃m]

Noun edit

शम • (śam) m (literary)

  1. tranquillity, peacefulness, calmness, rest
  2. lack or abstinence from passion; total asceticism
    • Bhawan Singh Rana, योग वाशिष्ठ [Vasishtha's yoga], Diamond Pocket Books, →ISBN, page 25, →ISBN:
      वशिष्ठ राम से बोले—अपने चित्त को भोगों में मत गिरने दो। शम और दम को अपनाओ। संसार की इच्छा त्यागकर उदार बनना शम है। इन्द्रियों को वश में करना दम है।
      vaśiṣṭh rām se bole—apne citt ko bhogõ mẽ mat girne do. śam aur dam ko apnāo. sansār kī icchā tyāgkar udār bannā śam hai. indriyõ ko vaś mẽ karnā dam hai.
      Vasishta said to Rama—don't let your mind fall into pleasures. Apply apathy and self-restraint. Apathy is giving up worldly desires and becoming noble. Controlling the senses is self-restraint.

Declension edit

Declension of शम (sg-only masc cons-stem)
singular
direct शम
śam
oblique शम
śam
vocative शम
śam

Further reading edit

Sanskrit edit

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“hornless”). Cognate with Russian комо́лый (komólyj, “hornless”), Lithuanian šmùlas (“hornless”), Proto-Germanic *hindiz (“female deer < *hornless”)), Ancient Greek κεμάς (kemás, “young deer whose antlers have not yet branched”). Also related to Proto-Germanic *hamalaz (“mutilated, truncated < *with cut off horns”).

Monier-Williams and Ralph Griffith translate the term as “tame, mild, meek”, tying it to the root शम् (śam, “to be tranquil”), but Rigveda 1.32.15 contrasts this adjective with शृङ्गिन् (śṛṅgin, “having horns; horned”), thus implying that the word essentially means “hornless”. From this verse, Monier-Williams and Ralph Griffith may have inferred that the term means "tame, meek" by reasoning that horns on a beast signify wildness and aggression.

Mayrhofer, Lubotsky, and Beekes agree on "hornless" as the correct translation of this word.[1][2][3]

Pronunciation edit

Adjective edit

शम • (śáma) stem

  1. (Rigvedic) hornless; without horns
    • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.32.15:
      इन्द्रो यातोऽवसितस्य राजा शमस्य च शृङ्गिणो वज्रबाहुः ।
      सेदु राजा क्षयति चर्षणीनामरान्न नेमिः परि ता बभूव ॥
      indro yātoʼvasitasya rājā śamasya ca śṛṅgiṇo vajrabāhuḥ .
      sedu rājā kṣayati carṣaṇīnāmarānna nemiḥ pari tā babhūva .
      Indra is King of all that moves and moves not, of creatures hornless and horned, the Thunder-wielder.
      Over all living men he rules as sovereign, containing all like spokes within the felly.
    • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.33.15:
      आवः शमं वृषभं तुग्र्यासु क्षेत्रजेषे मघवञ्छ्वित्र्यं गाम् ।
      ज्योक्चिदत्र तस्थिवांसो अक्रञ्छत्रूयतामधरा वेदनाकः ॥
      āvaḥ śamaṃ vṛṣabhaṃ tugryāsu kṣetrajeṣe maghavañchvitryaṃ gām .
      jyokcidatra tasthivāṃso akrañchatrūyatāmadharā vedanākaḥ .
      O Maghavan, thou helpest Śvitrā's hornless steer, in combat for the land, mid Tugra's houses.
      Long stood they there before the task was ended: thou wast the master of the foemen's treasure.
Declension edit
Masculine a-stem declension of शम (śáma)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative शमः
śámaḥ 		शमौ / शमा¹
śámau / śámā¹ 		शमाः / शमासः¹
śámāḥ / śámāsaḥ¹
Vocative शम
śáma 		शमौ / शमा¹
śámau / śámā¹ 		शमाः / शमासः¹
śámāḥ / śámāsaḥ¹
Accusative शमम्
śámam 		शमौ / शमा¹
śámau / śámā¹ 		शमान्
śámān
Instrumental शमेन
śámena 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमैः / शमेभिः¹
śámaiḥ / śámebhiḥ¹
Dative शमाय
śámāya 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमेभ्यः
śámebhyaḥ
Ablative शमात्
śámāt 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमेभ्यः
śámebhyaḥ
Genitive शमस्य
śámasya 		शमयोः
śámayoḥ 		शमानाम्
śámānām
Locative शमे
śáme 		शमयोः
śámayoḥ 		शमेषु
śámeṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of शमा (śámā)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative शमा
śámā 		शमे
śáme 		शमाः
śámāḥ
Vocative शमे
śáme 		शमे
śáme 		शमाः
śámāḥ
Accusative शमाम्
śámām 		शमे
śáme 		शमाः
śámāḥ
Instrumental शमया / शमा¹
śámayā / śámā¹ 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमाभिः
śámābhiḥ
Dative शमायै
śámāyai 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमाभ्यः
śámābhyaḥ
Ablative शमायाः / शमायै²
śámāyāḥ / śámāyai² 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमाभ्यः
śámābhyaḥ
Genitive शमायाः / शमायै²
śámāyāḥ / śámāyai² 		शमयोः
śámayoḥ 		शमानाम्
śámānām
Locative शमायाम्
śámāyām 		शमयोः
śámayoḥ 		शमासु
śámāsu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of शम (śáma)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative शमम्
śámam 		शमे
śáme 		शमानि / शमा¹
śámāni / śámā¹
Vocative शम
śáma 		शमे
śáme 		शमानि / शमा¹
śámāni / śámā¹
Accusative शमम्
śámam 		शमे
śáme 		शमानि / शमा¹
śámāni / śámā¹
Instrumental शमेन
śámena 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमैः / शमेभिः¹
śámaiḥ / śámebhiḥ¹
Dative शमाय
śámāya 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमेभ्यः
śámebhyaḥ
Ablative शमात्
śámāt 		शमाभ्याम्
śámābhyām 		शमेभ्यः
śámebhyaḥ
Genitive शमस्य
śámasya 		शमयोः
śámayoḥ 		शमानाम्
śámānām
Locative शमे
śáme 		शमयोः
śámayoḥ 		शमेषु
śámeṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Etymology 2 edit

From the root शम् (śam, “to be tired; finish; stop; rest; to be pacified, calm, peaceful”). Related to शान्ति (śānti), शान्त (śānta), शमन (śamana), शाम्यति (śāmyati).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

शम • (śama) stem, m (Classical Sanskrit)

  1. tranquillity, peacefulness, calmness, rest, equanimity, quietness
    • c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 6.70.38:
      हर्षः कामश्च दर्पश्च धर्मः क्रोधः शमो दमः ।
      अर्थादेतानि सर्वाणि प्रवर्तन्ते नराधिप ॥
      harṣaḥ kāmaśca darpaśca dharmaḥ krodhaḥ śamo damaḥ .
      arthādetāni sarvāṇi pravartante narādhipa .
      Happiness, desire, arrogance, morality, anger, calmness, and self-control, in fact, all of these keep rotating, O king.
    • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 1.32.17.3:
      धर्मे मे रमतां बुद्धिः शमे तपसि चेश्वर ॥
      dharme me ramatāṃ buddhiḥ śame tapasi ceśvara .
      May my intellect abide by morality, calmness, and austerity, O Lord.
    • c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā 18.42:
      शमो दमस्तपः शौचं क्षान्तिरार्जवमेव च ।
      ज्ञानं विज्ञानमास्तिक्यं ब्रह्मकर्म स्वभावजम् ॥
      śamo damastapaḥ śaucaṃ kṣāntirārjavameva ca .
      jñānaṃ vijñānamāstikyaṃ brahmakarma svabhāvajam .
      Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, patience, honesty, knowledge, wisdom and religiousness are the natural duties of a Brahmana.
    • c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā 11.24.2:
      दृष्ट्वा हि त्वां प्रव्यथितान्तरात्मा धृतिं न विन्दामि शमं च विष्णो ॥
      dṛṣṭvā hi tvāṃ pravyathitāntarātmā dhṛtiṃ na vindāmi śamaṃ ca viṣṇo .
      Indeed, O Vishnu, on seeing you, my inner soul becomes perturbed; I feel not the firmness and calmness.
  2. mitigation; pacification; cessation, extinction, ending
    • c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 3.7.14.1:
      अशेषसंक्लेशशमं विधत्ते गुणानुवादश्रवणं मुरारेः ।
      aśeṣasaṃkleśaśamaṃ vidhatte guṇānuvādaśravaṇaṃ murāreḥ .
      One can achieve the cessation of all sufferings, by listening to Lord Krishna's praise repeatingly.
  3. lack or abstinence from passion; apathy
    • c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā 6.3:
      आरुरुक्षोर्मुनेर्योगं कर्म कारणमुच्यते ।
      योगारूढस्य तस्यैव शमः कारणमुच्यते ॥
      ārurukṣormuneryogaṃ karma kāraṇamucyate .
      yogārūḍhasya tasyaiva śamaḥ kāraṇamucyate .
      For the muni yet to advance in yoga, work is said to be the means; for one who is already advanced, apathy is the means.
Declension edit
Masculine a-stem declension of शम (śama)
Singular
Nominative शमः
śamaḥ
Vocative शम
śama
Accusative शमम्
śamam
Instrumental शमेन
śamena
Dative शमाय
śamāya
Ablative शमात्
śamāt
Genitive शमस्य
śamasya
Locative शमे
śame
Descendants edit
  • Pali: sama
  • Prakrit: सम (sama)

References edit

  1. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śáma”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 610
  2. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śáma-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κεμάς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 671

Further reading edit

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