शम
Hindi
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Classical Sanskrit शम (śama).
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- tranquillity, peacefulness, calmness, rest
- lack or abstinence from passion; total asceticism
- Bhawan Singh Rana, योग वाशिष्ठ [Vasishtha's yoga], Diamond Pocket Books, →ISBN, page 25, →ISBN:
- वशिष्ठ राम से बोले—अपने चित्त को भोगों में मत गिरने दो। शम और दम को अपनाओ। संसार की इच्छा त्यागकर उदार बनना शम है। इन्द्रियों को वश में करना दम है।
- vaśiṣṭh rām se bole—apne citt ko bhogõ mẽ mat girne do. śam aur dam ko apnāo. sansār kī icchā tyāgkar udār bannā śam hai. indriyõ ko vaś mẽ karnā dam hai.
- Vasishta said to Rama—don't let your mind fall into pleasures. Apply apathy and self-restraint. Apathy is giving up worldly desires and becoming noble. Controlling the senses is self-restraint.
Declension
editsingular | |
---|---|
direct | शम śam |
oblique | शम śam |
vocative | शम śam |
Further reading
edit- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “शम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 4693
- Platts, John T. (1884) “शम”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 733
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “शम”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 943
Sanskrit
editAlternative scripts
edit- শম (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬫ (Balinese script)
- শম (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- ၐမ (Burmese script)
- શમ (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ਮ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑌮 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦩ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂧 (Kaithi script)
- ಶಮ (Kannada script)
- ឝម (Khmer script)
- ຨມ (Lao script)
- ശമ (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘦 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐩 (Newa script)
- ଶମ (Odia script)
- ꢯꢪ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆩 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖦 (Siddham script)
- ශම (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩴 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚢 (Takri script)
- ஶம (Tamil script)
- శమ (Telugu script)
- ศม (Thai script)
- ཤ་མ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology 1
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“hornless”). Cognate with Russian комо́лый (komólyj, “hornless”), Lithuanian šmùlas (“hornless”), Proto-Germanic *hindiz (“female deer < *hornless”)), Ancient Greek κεμάς (kemás, “young deer whose antlers have not yet branched”). Also related to Proto-Germanic *hamalaz (“mutilated, truncated < *with cut off horns”).
Monier-Williams and Ralph Griffith translate the term as “tame, mild, meek”, tying it to the root शम् (śam, “to be tranquil”), but Rigveda 1.32.15 contrasts this adjective with शृङ्गिन् (śṛṅgin, “having horns; horned”), thus implying that the word essentially means “hornless”. From this verse, Monier-Williams and Ralph Griffith may have inferred that the term means "tame, meek" by reasoning that horns on a beast signify wildness and aggression.
Mayrhofer, Lubotsky, and Beekes agree on "hornless" as the correct translation of this word.[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editशम • (śáma) stem
- (Rigvedic) hornless; without horns
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.32.15:
- इन्द्रो यातोऽवसितस्य राजा शमस्य च शृङ्गिणो वज्रबाहुः ।
सेदु राजा क्षयति चर्षणीनामरान्न नेमिः परि ता बभूव ॥- indro yātoʼvasitasya rājā śamasya ca śṛṅgiṇo vajrabāhuḥ.
sedu rājā kṣayati carṣaṇīnāmarānna nemiḥ pari tā babhūva. - Indra is King of all that moves and moves not, of creatures hornless and horned, the Thunder-wielder.
Over all living men he rules as sovereign, containing all like spokes within the felly.
- indro yātoʼvasitasya rājā śamasya ca śṛṅgiṇo vajrabāhuḥ.
- इन्द्रो यातोऽवसितस्य राजा शमस्य च शृङ्गिणो वज्रबाहुः ।
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.33.15:
- आवः शमं वृषभं तुग्र्यासु क्षेत्रजेषे मघवञ्छ्वित्र्यं गाम् ।
ज्योक्चिदत्र तस्थिवांसो अक्रञ्छत्रूयतामधरा वेदनाकः ॥- āvaḥ śamaṃ vṛṣabhaṃ tugryāsu kṣetrajeṣe maghavañchvitryaṃ gām.
jyokcidatra tasthivāṃso akrañchatrūyatāmadharā vedanākaḥ. - O Maghavan, thou helpest Śvitrā's hornless steer, in combat for the land, mid Tugra's houses.
Long stood they there before the task was ended: thou wast the master of the foemen's treasure.
- āvaḥ śamaṃ vṛṣabhaṃ tugryāsu kṣetrajeṣe maghavañchvitryaṃ gām.
- आवः शमं वृषभं तुग्र्यासु क्षेत्रजेषे मघवञ्छ्वित्र्यं गाम् ।
Declension
editMasculine a-stem declension of शम (śáma) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | शमः śámaḥ |
शमौ / शमा¹ śámau / śámā¹ |
शमाः / शमासः¹ śámāḥ / śámāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | शम śáma |
शमौ / शमा¹ śámau / śámā¹ |
शमाः / शमासः¹ śámāḥ / śámāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | शमम् śámam |
शमौ / शमा¹ śámau / śámā¹ |
शमान् śámān |
Instrumental | शमेन śámena |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमैः / शमेभिः¹ śámaiḥ / śámebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | शमाय śámāya |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमेभ्यः śámebhyaḥ |
Ablative | शमात् śámāt |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमेभ्यः śámebhyaḥ |
Genitive | शमस्य śámasya |
शमयोः śámayoḥ |
शमानाम् śámānām |
Locative | शमे śáme |
शमयोः śámayoḥ |
शमेषु śámeṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ā-stem declension of शमा (śámā) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | शमा śámā |
शमे śáme |
शमाः śámāḥ |
Vocative | शमे śáme |
शमे śáme |
शमाः śámāḥ |
Accusative | शमाम् śámām |
शमे śáme |
शमाः śámāḥ |
Instrumental | शमया / शमा¹ śámayā / śámā¹ |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमाभिः śámābhiḥ |
Dative | शमायै śámāyai |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमाभ्यः śámābhyaḥ |
Ablative | शमायाः / शमायै² śámāyāḥ / śámāyai² |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमाभ्यः śámābhyaḥ |
Genitive | शमायाः / शमायै² śámāyāḥ / śámāyai² |
शमयोः śámayoḥ |
शमानाम् śámānām |
Locative | शमायाम् śámāyām |
शमयोः śámayoḥ |
शमासु śámāsu |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of शम (śáma) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | शमम् śámam |
शमे śáme |
शमानि / शमा¹ śámāni / śámā¹ |
Vocative | शम śáma |
शमे śáme |
शमानि / शमा¹ śámāni / śámā¹ |
Accusative | शमम् śámam |
शमे śáme |
शमानि / शमा¹ śámāni / śámā¹ |
Instrumental | शमेन śámena |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमैः / शमेभिः¹ śámaiḥ / śámebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | शमाय śámāya |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमेभ्यः śámebhyaḥ |
Ablative | शमात् śámāt |
शमाभ्याम् śámābhyām |
शमेभ्यः śámebhyaḥ |
Genitive | शमस्य śámasya |
शमयोः śámayoḥ |
शमानाम् śámānām |
Locative | शमे śáme |
शमयोः śámayoḥ |
शमेषु śámeṣu |
Notes |
|
Etymology 2
editFrom the root शम् (śam, “to be tired; finish; stop; rest; to be pacified, calm, peaceful”). Related to शान्ति (śānti), शान्त (śānta), शमन (śamana), शाम्यति (śāmyati).
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ˈɕɐ.mɐ/
Noun
editशम • (śama) stem, m (Classical Sanskrit)
- tranquillity, peacefulness, calmness, rest, equanimity, quietness
- c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 6.70.38:
- हर्षः कामश्च दर्पश्च धर्मः क्रोधः शमो दमः ।
अर्थादेतानि सर्वाणि प्रवर्तन्ते नराधिप ॥- harṣaḥ kāmaśca darpaśca dharmaḥ krodhaḥ śamo damaḥ.
arthādetāni sarvāṇi pravartante narādhipa. - Happiness, desire, arrogance, morality, anger, calmness, and self-control, in fact, all of these keep rotating, O king.
- harṣaḥ kāmaśca darpaśca dharmaḥ krodhaḥ śamo damaḥ.
- हर्षः कामश्च दर्पश्च धर्मः क्रोधः शमो दमः ।
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 1.32.17.3:
- धर्मे मे रमतां बुद्धिः शमे तपसि चेश्वर ॥
- dharme me ramatāṃ buddhiḥ śame tapasi ceśvara.
- May my intellect abide by morality, calmness, and austerity, O Lord.
- धर्मे मे रमतां बुद्धिः शमे तपसि चेश्वर ॥
- c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā 18.42:
- शमो दमस्तपः शौचं क्षान्तिरार्जवमेव च ।
ज्ञानं विज्ञानमास्तिक्यं ब्रह्मकर्म स्वभावजम् ॥- śamo damastapaḥ śaucaṃ kṣāntirārjavameva ca.
jñānaṃ vijñānamāstikyaṃ brahmakarma svabhāvajam. - Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, patience, honesty, knowledge, wisdom and religiousness are the natural duties of a Brahmana.
- śamo damastapaḥ śaucaṃ kṣāntirārjavameva ca.
- शमो दमस्तपः शौचं क्षान्तिरार्जवमेव च ।
- c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā 11.24.2:
- दृष्ट्वा हि त्वां प्रव्यथितान्तरात्मा धृतिं न विन्दामि शमं च विष्णो ॥
- dṛṣṭvā hi tvāṃ pravyathitāntarātmā dhṛtiṃ na vindāmi śamaṃ ca viṣṇo.
- Indeed, O Vishnu, on seeing you, my inner soul becomes perturbed; I feel not the firmness and calmness.
- दृष्ट्वा हि त्वां प्रव्यथितान्तरात्मा धृतिं न विन्दामि शमं च विष्णो ॥
- mitigation; pacification; cessation, extinction, ending
- c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 3.7.14.1:
- अशेषसंक्लेशशमं विधत्ते गुणानुवादश्रवणं मुरारेः ।
- aśeṣasaṃkleśaśamaṃ vidhatte guṇānuvādaśravaṇaṃ murāreḥ.
- One can achieve the cessation of all sufferings, by listening to Lord Krishna's praise repeatingly.
- अशेषसंक्लेशशमं विधत्ते गुणानुवादश्रवणं मुरारेः ।
- lack or abstinence from passion; apathy
- c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā 6.3:
- आरुरुक्षोर्मुनेर्योगं कर्म कारणमुच्यते ।
योगारूढस्य तस्यैव शमः कारणमुच्यते ॥- ārurukṣormuneryogaṃ karma kāraṇamucyate.
yogārūḍhasya tasyaiva śamaḥ kāraṇamucyate. - For the muni yet to advance in yoga, work is said to be the means; for one who is already advanced, apathy is the means.
- ārurukṣormuneryogaṃ karma kāraṇamucyate.
- आरुरुक्षोर्मुनेर्योगं कर्म कारणमुच्यते ।
Declension
editMasculine a-stem declension of शम (śama) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | |||
Nominative | शमः śamaḥ | ||
Vocative | शम śama | ||
Accusative | शमम् śamam | ||
Instrumental | शमेन śamena | ||
Dative | शमाय śamāya | ||
Ablative | शमात् śamāt | ||
Genitive | शमस्य śamasya | ||
Locative | शमे śame |
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śáma”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 610
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śáma-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κεμάς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 671
Further reading
edit- Monier Williams (1899) “शम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1053.
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2024) “śama”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “शमः”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 1534
- Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “शम”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 308
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “śáma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 713
- Hindi terms derived from Sanskrit
- Hindi terms derived from the Sanskrit root शम्
- Hindi terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Hindi terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱemh₂-
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- Sanskrit terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱemh₂-
- Sanskrit nouns
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- Sanskrit masculine nouns
- Classical Sanskrit
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns