Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵerh₂-

1. to grow old, to mature

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵerh₂-‎ (34 c, 0 e)

• *ǵérh₂-e-ti (root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árati
      • Sanskrit: जरति (járati)
• *ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)
• *ǵerh₂-ró-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)
  • Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (za^urura, “old age”)
• *ǵr̥h₂-yéw-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s
    • Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)
  • Proto-Albanian: *grāwā
    • Albanian: grua (woman, wife)
• *ǵ(e)rh₂-yó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)
      • → Latin: Grāius
• *ǵr̥h₂-i-ḱó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
      • → Latin: Graecus (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵērh₂-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)
• *ǵérh₂-ont-s
• *ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s
  • Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-
    • Tocharian B: śrāy
• *ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHama
    • Proto-Iranian: *járHama
      • Middle Persian: (“old age”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /⁠zarmān⁠/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /⁠zarmānīh⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /⁠zarmān⁠/)

        • Persian: زرمان (zarmân), زرم (zarm)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHama
    • Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)
• *ǵorh₂-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵorh₂-wó-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (za^uruuā, “old age”)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)
    • Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)

      Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /⁠zarw⁠/)

      Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)

    • Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ, “old age”)
    • Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)
    • Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /⁠zarwān⁠/, “old age”)
• *ǵorh₂-tó-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)
    • → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /⁠zard⁠/, “infirm; old age”)
      • Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)
    • Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; oldwoman”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /⁠zirt(a)⁠/)

      Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /⁠zirt(a), zert(a)⁠/)

    • Pashto: زړه (zaŗa, “old”), زوړ (zoŗ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)
• *ǵorh₂-is-to-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)
    • Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)
  • Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)
  • Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)
  • Sanskrit: ज्रयति (jrayati, “to grow old, overpower”)
  • Sanskrit: जरायु (jarāyu, “decaying; the cast-off skin of a serpent; a perishable covering; afterbirth”)
  • Proto-Albanian: *grāwā
    • Albanian: grua, grue — Gheg
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
      • Armenian: ծեր (cer)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 390