Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrinhwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *trenkʷ- (“to beat, hew, press”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθrĩː.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þrinhwaną^[1]^[2]

to press, to push
to force

Inflection

Conjugation of *þrinhwaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þrinhwō	*þrinhwaų	—	*þrinhwai	?
2nd singular	*þrinhwizi	*þrinhwaiz	*þrinhw	*þrinhwazai	*þrinhwaizau
3rd singular	*þrinhwidi	*þrinhwai	*þrinhwadau	*þrinhwadai	*þrinhwaidau
1st dual	*þrinhwōz	*þrinhwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þrinhwadiz	*þrinhwaidiz	*þrinhwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*þrinhwamaz	*þrinhwaim	—	*þrinhwandai	*þrinhwaindau
2nd plural	*þrinhwid	*þrinhwaid	*þrinhwid	*þrinhwandai	*þrinhwaindau
3rd plural	*þrinhwandi	*þrinhwain	*þrinhwandau	*þrinhwandai	*þrinhwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þranhw	*þrungį̄
2nd singular	*þranht	*þrungīz
3rd singular	*þranhw	*þrungī
1st dual	*þrungū	*þrungīw
2nd dual	*þrungudiz	*þrungīdiz
1st plural	*þrungum	*þrungīm
2nd plural	*þrungud	*þrungīd
3rd plural	*þrungun	*þrungīn

	present	past
participles	*þrinhwandz	*þrunganaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þringwan
- Old English: þringan
  - Middle English: thringen
    - Scots: thring, dring
    - English: thring
- Old Frisian: thringa
  - Saterland Frisian: tringe
  - (West Frisian: kringe ?)
- Old Saxon: thringan
  - Middle Low German: dringen
    - German Low German: dringen
    - Low German: dringen
- Old Dutch: *thringan
  - Middle Dutch: dringen
    - Dutch: dringen
      - Afrikaans: dring
    - Limburgish: dringe
- Old High German: dringan
  - Middle High German: dringen
    - German: dringen
    - Luxembourgish: dréngen
    - Yiddish: דרינגען (dringen)
Old Norse: þryngva
- Icelandic: þryngva
- (Faroese: treingja)
- Norwegian: trenge (press)
Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þreihan)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þrinhan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 547
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*þrenʒwanan ~ *þrenxwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 426

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þrinhan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 547

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*þrenʒwanan ~ *þrenxwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 426

[1]

[2]