Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skīnaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skīnaną^[1]^[2]

to shine
to appear

Inflection

Conjugation of *skīnaną (strong class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skīnō	*skīnaų	—	*skīnai	?
2nd singular	*skīnizi	*skīnaiz	*skīn	*skīnazai	*skīnaizau
3rd singular	*skīnidi	*skīnai	*skīnadau	*skīnadai	*skīnaidau
1st dual	*skīnōz	*skīnaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skīnadiz	*skīnaidiz	*skīnadiz	—	—
1st plural	*skīnamaz	*skīnaim	—	*skīnandai	*skīnaindau
2nd plural	*skīnid	*skīnaid	*skīnid	*skīnandai	*skīnaindau
3rd plural	*skīnandi	*skīnain	*skīnandau	*skīnandai	*skīnaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skain	*skinį̄
2nd singular	*skaint	*skinīz
3rd singular	*skain	*skinī
1st dual	*skinū	*skinīw
2nd dual	*skinudiz	*skinīdiz
1st plural	*skinum	*skinīm
2nd plural	*skinud	*skinīd
3rd plural	*skinun	*skinīn

	present	past
participles	*skīnandz	*skinanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skīnan
- Old English: sċīnan
  - Middle English: shinen, schinen
    - English: shine
- Old Frisian: skīna
  - Saterland Frisian: skiene
  - West Frisian: skine, skyne
- Old Saxon: skīnan
  - Low German: schienen
- Old Dutch: skīnan
  - Middle Dutch: schinen
    - Dutch: schijnen
      - Afrikaans: skyn
    - Limburgish: sjiene
- Old High German: skīnan
  - Middle High German: schīnen
    - German: scheinen
      - → Esperanto: ŝajni
    - Hunsrik: scheine
    - Luxembourgish: schéngen
    - Yiddish: שײַנען (shaynen)
Old Norse: skína
- Icelandic: skína
- Faroese: skína
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: skinne
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: skina, skine
- Old Swedish: skīna
  - Swedish: skina
- Danish: skinne
Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (skeinan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skīnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 445-446
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skīnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 445-446

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341

[1]

[2]