Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- +‎ *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí +‎ *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).

Pronoun

*ḱís

1. this (here)

Inflection

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*ḱís	*ḱíh₂	*ḱíd	*ḱéyes	*ḱíh₂es	*ḱíh₂
accusative	*ḱím	*ḱíh₂m	*ḱíd	*ḱíns	*ḱíh₂ms	*ḱíh₂
genitive	*ḱésyo	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésyo	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom
ablative	*ḱésmod	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésyo	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom	*ḱéysom
dative	*ḱésmey	*ḱésyeh₂ey	*ḱésmey	*ḱeybʰ-	*ḱeybʰ-	*ḱeybʰ-
locative	*ḱésmi	*?	*ḱésmi	*ḱeysu	*ḱeysu	*ḱeysu

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*ḱéy	*ḱíh₂	*ḱíd	*ḱéyes	*ḱíh₂es (?)	*ḱíh₂
accusative	*ḱím	*ḱíh₂m̥	*ḱíd	*ḱíns	*ḱíh₂n̥s (?)	*ḱíh₂
genitive	*ḱésyo	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésyo	*ḱéysoHom	*ḱíh₂soHom	*ḱéysoHom
ablative	*ḱésmead (?)	*ḱésyeh₂s	*ḱésmead (?)	*ḱéymos	*ḱíh₂mos	*ḱéymos
dative	*ḱésmey	*ḱésyeh₂ey	*ḱésmey	*ḱéymos	*ḱíh₂mos	*ḱéymos
locative	*ḱésmi	*ḱésyeh₂(i)	*ḱésmi	*ḱéysu	*ḱíh₂su	*ḱéysu
instrumental	*ḱíh₁	?	*ḱíh₁	*ḱéybʰi	*ḱíh₂bʰi	*ḱéybʰi

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*h₁e	*ih₂	*id	*h₁ey	*ih₂es	*ih₂
accusative	*ḱim	*ḱih₂m̥	*ḱid	*ḱins	*ḱih₂n̥s	*ḱih₂

Alternative forms

• *ḱéys (full-grade) ?
• *ḱí (particle) ?

Reconstruction notes

An innovative pronoun which could have formed independently in some branches, though it appears archaic given its presence in Anatolian. Like *só, it widely came to be used as a determiner in descendant languages; it also commonly became a bound morpheme in prefixal or suffixal position (more at *ḱe).

Derived terms

• *ḱíteros
• *ḱitm̥mós
  • Proto-Italic: *kitəmos
    • Latin: citimus (“nearest”)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)
  • ⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”) (+ *dīti (“day”))
    • Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod — Gheg, σὸτ — Arvanitika
  • ⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”) (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”) (+ *weta (“year”))
    • Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)
• Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí
  • Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), [script needed] (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)
  • ⇒ *ḱyód
    • Palaic: [script needed] (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śís (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *hiz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís ?
  • ⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))
    • Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), κεῖνος (keînos) — Epic, Ionic, κῆνος (kênos) — Aeolic, τῆνος (tênos) — Doric, ἐκεινοσί (ekeinosí) — emphatic, ἐκεινοσίν (ekeinosín) — emphatic with movable nu
      • Greek: εκείνος (ekeínos)
      • Italiot Greek: cino
  • ⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)
    • Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron, “today”), σᾱ́μερον (sā́meron) — Doric, τήμερον (tḗmeron) — Attic
      • Greek: σήμερα (símera)
      • Tsakonian: σάμερε (sámere)
  • ⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))
    • Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)
• Proto-Italic: *ki
  • Latin: cis (preposition)