Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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    Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- +‎ *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí +‎ *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).

    Pronoun

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    *ḱís[1]

    1. this (here)

    Inflection

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    Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
    Singular Plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *ḱís *ḱíh₂ *ḱíd *ḱéyes *ḱíh₂es *ḱíh₂
    accusative *ḱím *ḱíh₂m *ḱíd *ḱíns *ḱíh₂ms *ḱíh₂
    genitive *ḱésyo *ḱésyeh₂s *ḱésyo *ḱéysom *ḱéysom *ḱéysom
    ablative *ḱésmod *ḱésyeh₂s *ḱésyo *ḱéysom *ḱéysom *ḱéysom
    dative *ḱésmey *ḱésyeh₂ey *ḱésmey *ḱeybʰ- *ḱeybʰ- *ḱeybʰ-
    locative *ḱésmi *? *ḱésmi *ḱeysu *ḱeysu *ḱeysu
    Donald Ringe's reconstruction
    Singular Plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *ḱéy *ḱíh₂ *ḱíd *ḱéyes *ḱíh₂es (?) *ḱíh₂
    accusative *ḱím *ḱíh₂m̥ *ḱíd *ḱíns *ḱíh₂n̥s (?) *ḱíh₂
    genitive *ḱésyo *ḱésyeh₂s *ḱésyo *ḱéysoHom *ḱíh₂soHom *ḱéysoHom
    ablative *ḱésmead (?) *ḱésyeh₂s *ḱésmead (?) *ḱéymos *ḱíh₂mos *ḱéymos
    dative *ḱésmey *ḱésyeh₂ey *ḱésmey *ḱéymos *ḱíh₂mos *ḱéymos
    locative *ḱésmi *ḱésyeh₂(i) *ḱésmi *ḱéysu *ḱíh₂su *ḱéysu
    instrumental *ḱíh₁ ? *ḱíh₁ *ḱéybʰi *ḱíh₂bʰi *ḱéybʰi
    Robert Beekes' reconstruction
    Singular Plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *h₁e *ih₂ *id *h₁ey *ih₂es *ih₂
    accusative *ḱim *ḱih₂m̥ *ḱid *ḱins *ḱih₂n̥s *ḱih₂

    Alternative forms

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    • *ḱéys (full-grade) ?
    • *ḱí (particle) ?

    Reconstruction notes

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    An innovative pronoun which could have formed independently in some branches, though it appears archaic given its presence in Anatolian. Like *só, it widely came to be used as a determiner in descendant languages; it also commonly became a bound morpheme in prefixal or suffixal position (more at *ḱe).

    Derived terms

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    • *ḱíteros[2]
    • *ḱitm̥mós[2]
      • Proto-Italic: *kitəmos

    Descendants

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    References

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    1. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*k̑ó-, *k̑í- 'dieser'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 405-415
    2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115–116:PIt. *ki ‘here, by’, *ki-tero-; PIE *ḱi ‘this, here’
    3. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sot”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
    4. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sonte”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
    5. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sivjet”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 397
    6. 6.0 6.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427:PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-
    7. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225