Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.

Pronoun

*só ~ *tó-

1. this
2. that

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*só	*séh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*tósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*só	*tóh₁	*tóy
accusative	*tóm	*tóh₁	*tóms
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	*tóymos, *tóybʰos
dative	*tósmey	*?	*tóymos, *tóybʰos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séh₂	*?	*téh₂es
accusative	*tā́m	*?	*téh₂m̥s
genitive	*tósyeh₂s	*?	*téh₂soHom
ablative	*tósyeh₂s	*?	*téh₂mos, *téh₂bʰos
dative	*tósyeh₂ey	*?	*téh₂mos, *téh₂bʰos
locative	*tósyeh₂	*?	*téh₂su
instrumental	*téh₂(e)h₁	*?	*téh₂mis, *téh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
accusative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	*tóymos, *tóybʰos
dative	*tósmey	*?	*tóymos, *tóybʰos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *só- (3 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *só

• *tó-r (“there”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *þar (see there for further descendants)
  • *tor gʰi
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarȷ́ʰis
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarźʰis
        • Sanskrit: तर्हि (tárhi)
• *tó-ti (“so many”) (see there for further descendants)
• *teh₂-li-, *to-li (“so great, to such an extent”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *toli
      • Polish: tyle (influenced by ile)
      • Russian: толь (tolʹ)
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *talī- (“to cost, pay”)
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Old Breton: tal
      • Cornish: tal; tyli
      • Middle Welsh: talu
        • Welsh: talu
  • Proto-Italic: *tālis
    • Latin: tālis (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *teh₂-li-ko-; *to-li-ko-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *toliko (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos
      • Ancient Greek: τᾱλίκος (tālíkos), τηλίκος (tēlíkos)
• *teh₂-wot ^?
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τῆος (têos), τέως (téōs)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāHwats
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHwats
      • Sanskrit: तावत् (tā́vat)
• *s-ih₂ (feminine nom.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)
  • Albanian: te, tek (“to, at”)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *tan-
  • Gheg Albanian: tanë
  • Tosk Albanian: tërë
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ho
  • Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)
• Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)
  • Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut
  • Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)