-kas
See also: Appendix:Variations of "kas"
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-k'as. Cognate to Finnish -kas.
Suffix edit
-kas (genitive -ka, partitive -kat)
- Derives adjectives from some nouns
- Derives nouns, often colloquial.
Derived terms edit
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-k'as. Equivalent to -kka + -as.
Suffix edit
-kas (front vowel harmony variant -käs, linguistic notation -kAs)
- -y, -ful; a suffix that can be used to turn many, but not all, nouns into adjectives that indicate abundant presence of the thing expressed by the noun.
- kukka (“flower”) + -kas → kukikas (“flower-patterned”)
- raha (“money”) + -kas → rahakas (“lucrative”)
- taito (“skill”) + -kas → taidokas (“skilful”)
- voima (“power”) + -kas → voimakas (“powerful”)
- ääni (“noise”) + -kas → äänekäs (“noisy”)
- harteet (“shoulders”) + -kas → harteikas (“broad-shouldered”)
- nenä (“nose”) + -kas → nenäkäs (“saucy”)
- Forms nouns chacterized by an abundance of the base word.
- -ish; a suffix that forms moderative adjectives; rare in standard Finnish.
- Forms nouns indicating a concept associated with the base word from nouns or verbs.
Usage notes edit
When the suffix is added to the noun, the stem changes in accordance with consonant gradation. The suffix is added to the plural stem on most hame-type nouns and in many cases of other non-mass concrete nouns, e.g. maine → maineikas instead of **maineekas, kukka → kukikas instead of **kukakas.
Declension edit
Inflection of -kas (Kotus type 41*A/vieras, kk-k gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -kas | -kkaat | |
genitive | -kkaan | -kkaiden -kkaitten | |
partitive | -kasta | -kkaita | |
illative | -kkaaseen | -kkaisiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -kas | -kkaat | |
accusative | nom. | -kas | -kkaat |
gen. | -kkaan | ||
genitive | -kkaan | -kkaiden -kkaitten -kastenrare | |
partitive | -kasta | -kkaita | |
inessive | -kkaassa | -kkaissa | |
elative | -kkaasta | -kkaista | |
illative | -kkaaseen | -kkaisiin -kkaihinrare | |
adessive | -kkaalla | -kkailla | |
ablative | -kkaalta | -kkailta | |
allative | -kkaalle | -kkaille | |
essive | -kkaana | -kkaina | |
translative | -kkaaksi | -kkaiksi | |
abessive | -kkaatta | -kkaitta | |
instructive | — | -kkain | |
comitative | — | -kkaine |
Possessive forms of -kas (Kotus type 41*A/vieras, kk-k gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms edit
Anagrams edit
Ingrian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-k'as. Cognates include Finnish -kas and Estonian -kas.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-kas (front vowel variant -käs)
- Forms adjectives describing an abundancy of a noun; -ful
Usage notes edit
- In its polysyllabic oblique forms, -kas gets the secondary stress in words with polysyllabic stems.
Declension edit
Declension of -kas (type 2/patsas, kk-k gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -kas | -kkaat |
genitive | -kkaan | -kkain |
partitive | -kasta, -kast | -kkaita, -kkaja |
illative | -kkaasse | -kkaisse |
inessive | -kkaas | -kkais |
elative | -kkaast | -kkaist |
allative | -kkaalle | -kkaille |
adessive | -kkaal | -kkail |
ablative | -kkaalt | -kkailt |
translative | -kkaaks | -kkaiks |
essive | -kkaanna, -kkaan | -kkainna, -kkain |
exessive1) | -kkaant | -kkaint |
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. |
Soikkola declension of -kas (type 2/kalakas, kk-k gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -kas | -kkahat -kkaat |
genitive | -kkahan | -kkahhiin |
partitive | -kasta | -kkahhia |
illative | -kkahasse | -kkahisse |
inessive | -kkahas | -kkahis |
elative | -kkahast | -kkahist |
allative | -kkahalle | -kkahille |
adessive | -kkahal | -kkahil |
ablative | -kkahalt | -kkahilt |
translative | -kkahaks | -kkahiks |
essive | -kkahhaan | -kkahhiin |
exessive1) | -kkahhant | -kkahhint |
1) Obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) |
Derived terms edit
See also edit
References edit
- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[1], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 54