Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/túh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008)[1] proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

Pronoun

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*túh₂

  1. you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[2]
singular dual plural
nominative *tī̆ (tū̆) *yuh₁ (?yūh₁) *yūs (?yuHs)
accusative *t-wé ~ *te *uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁ *usmé ~ *wō̆s
genitive *té-we ~ *tos (adj.) ? *usóm ~ *wō̆s
ablative *tw-ét ? *usm-ét
dative *tébʰi ~ *tey, *toy ? *usm-éy ~ *wō̆s
Donald Ringe's reconstruction[3]
singular dual plural
nominative *túh₂ *yú *yū́
accusative *twé ~ *te *uh₃wé ~ *woh₃ *uswé ~ *wos
genitive *téwe ~ *toy ? ? ~ *wos
dative *tébʰye ~ *toy ? ? ~ *wos
Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[1]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European singular plural
nominative *tuH *yuH
accusative *twe(ge) ~ *twē (?) *us ~ *wōs (?)
genitive *tewe ~ *toi ?
dative *tebʰi ~ *toy ?
oblique *twe- *us- ~ *wos
Outer-Anatolian IE singular plural
nominative *tuH *yuH
oblique *tew-/*tu- *us-
enclitic *toy *wos
Proto-Indo-European singular plural
nominative *tíh₁ ?
accusative *tu- ?
oblique *tu- ?
Robert Beekes' reconstruction[4]
singular plural
nominative *tuH *yuH
accusative *twé *usmé ~ *wōs
genitive *téwe ~ *toy *yus(er)o- ~ *wos
ablative *twed *usmed
dative *tébʰio ~ *toi *usmey
locative *tóy *usmi
instrumental *tóy ?
poss. adj. *twos *usos
Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction[5]
singular dual plural
nominative *tu- *yuh₁- *yu-
accusative *twe *uh₁e *usme
genitive *tewe *woh₁ *wos
ablative *twed ? ?
dative *tubʰi ? ?
locative *toy *uh₁i *usmi
Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[6]
singular plural
nominative *tí(H) *yúH(s)
accusative *twé *wōs
genitive *téwe ~ *toy *wos/*wes
ablative *twéd ?
dative *toy ?
poss. adj. *twos *us-tero-s?

Derived terms

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  • *tewos (from gen. *téwe)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)
    • Proto-Italic: *towos
      • Old Latin: tovos
        • Latin: tuus (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

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  • Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
  • Armenian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: tu
    • Tocharian B: tuwe

Coordinate terms

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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
  2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  3. ^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
  4. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
  5. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[1], Leiden University
  6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691

Further reading

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