Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéy

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Pronoun

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*wéy

  1. we (more than two)

Inflection

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[1]
nominative *we-i
accusative *n̥smé ~ *nō̆s
genitive *n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s
ablative *n̥sm-ét
dative *n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s
  • Oblique plural *n̥s- possibly continues earlier **m̥s- (same element of singular oblique stem with plural -s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic *nos for *mos, but the verb endings *-me(dʰh₂), *-mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.[2]
Donald Ringe's reconstruction[3]
nominative *wéy
accusative *n̥smé ~ *nos
genitive ? ~ *nos
dative ? ~ *nos
Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[4]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
nominative *wey
accusative *n̥s ~ *nōs (?)
genitive ?
dative ?
oblique *n̥s- ~ *nos
Outer-Anatolian IE
nominative *wey
oblique *n̥s-
enclitic *nos
Proto-Indo-European
nominative ?
accusative ?
oblique ?
Robert Beekes' reconstruction[5]
nominative *wey
accusative *n̥smé ~ *nōs
genitive *n̥s(er)o- ~ *nos
ablative *n̥smed
dative *n̥smey ~ *n̥s
locative *n̥smi
instrumental ?
poss. adj. *n̥sós
Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction[6]
nominative *we-
accusative *n̥sme
genitive *nos
ablative ?
dative ?
locative *n̥smi
Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[7]
nominative *wey(s)
accusative *nōs
genitive-locative *nos/*nes
ablative ?
dative ?
poss. adj. *ns-tero-s?

Derived terms

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  • *nóHs[8] or *nōs[5] (accusative)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nās
      • Proto-Slavic: *ny
    • Proto-Albanian: *nōs
      • Albanian: ne (nom./acc.)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naHs
      • Proto-Iranian:
    • Proto-Italic: *nōs (see there for further descendants)
  • *nos[8] (oblique, enclitic)
    • Proto-Albanian:
      • Albanian: na (enclitic dat./acc.)
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠-naš⁠/)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Proto-Iranian:
    • *nos-tero-s (or later formation)
  • *n̥smé[8] (accusative, possibly from *n̥s + *mé indicating "us with (the others)") (see there for further descendants)
  • *méy (Contamination with the first person plural verbal suffix and/or the 1st person singular object pronoun)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mes
      • Latgalian: mes
      • Latvian: mēs
      • Lithuanian: mẽs
      • Old Prussian: mes
      • Proto-Slavic: *my (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Armenian:
  • *nó-h₁ (acc./dat./gen. dual)[8] or *neh₃[9]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: nuodu (dialectal; + (two))
      • Proto-Slavic: *na
        • East Slavic:
          • Old East Slavic: на (na)
        • South Slavic:
          • Old Church Slavonic: на (na)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: νώ (nṓ, nom./acc.)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naH (enclitic)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Proto-Iranian:
    • *noh₁-tero-s (or later formation)
      • Proto-Celtic:
  • *wé-h₁ (nom. dual)[10]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *vě (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáH
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬁 (, we two) (can theoretically come from *wé)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHám (+ *-ám)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  • *wé dwo (we two)[10][11]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *wet, *wit (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Germanic: *uns (< *n̥swé ?[8]) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

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  • Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wīz (< *wéy-s) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayám (< *wey-óm) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *wes
    • Tocharian A: was
    • Tocharian B: wes

References

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  1. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 373
  2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
  3. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
  4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
  5. 5.0 5.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
  6. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[2], Leiden University
  7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nōs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 413
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “2.*nó- 'uns'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 566-574
  9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1029
  10. 10.0 10.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*u̯é- 'wir'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 848-850
  11. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 117

Further reading

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