Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kolo

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kálas, cognate with Old Prussian kelan (“wheel”). Formally from Proto-Indo-European *kʷól-os ~ *kʷól-es-, from *kʷel- (“to turn”). Related to reduplicated o-stem *kʷékʷlos, whence Lithuanian kãklas (“neck”), Latvian kakls (“neck”).

Meillet explains the o-grade, which is uncommon in s-stem nouns, with the influence of a parallel o-grade instrumental noun reflected in Ancient Greek πόλος (pólos, “pole, axis”).

Noun

*kȍlo n

1. wheel
2. circle
3. (in the plural) wheeled vehicle

Declension

Declension of *kȍlo (s-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kȍlo	*kȍlesi	*kolesà
genitive	*kȍlese	*kolesù	*kolèsъ
dative	*kȍlesi	*kolesьmà	*kolèsьmъ
accusative	*kȍlo	*kȍlesi	*kolesà
instrumental	*kȍlesьmь	*kolesьmà	*kolesý
locative	*kȍlese	*kolesù	*kolèsьxъ
vocative	*kȍlo	*kȍlesi	*kolesà

In some daughter languages, later reanalyzed as o-stem:

Declension of *kȍlo (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kȍlo	*kȍlě	*kolà
genitive	*kȍla	*kolù	*kòlъ
dative	*kȍlu	*kolomà	*kolòmъ
accusative	*kȍlo	*kȍlě	*kolà
instrumental	*kȍlъmь, *kȍlomь*	*kolomà	*kolý
locative	*kȍlě	*kolù	*kolě̃xъ
vocative	*kȍlo	*kȍlě	*kolà

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *kolařь (“wheelwright”)
• *kolesьnъ, *kolьnъ (“related to wheel”)
  • *kolesьnica, *kolesъka (“chariot”)
  • *kolьnica (“cart”)
• *kolěja (“track, wheel-trail”)
• *kolьce, *kolesьce (“ring, hoop”)
• *kolo-
  • *kolodějь (“wheelwright”)
  • *kolomazь, *kolomastь (“wheel wax”)
  • *kolomę (“circular stamp/press”)
  • *kolotokъ (“wheel trajectory”)
  • *kolovirъ (“whirlpool”)
  • *kolovoďь (“cart-dragger”)
  • *kolovortъ (“circulation, cycle”)
  • *kolovozъ (“rut, wheel track”)
• *obikoliti (“to get around”)
• *okolo (“around, nearby”, adverb)
  • *okolica (“surroundings, outskirts”), *okolьje (“surroundings”), *okolovьrstьje (“circumference”)

Related terms

• *kolačь, *kolakъ (“type of pastry”)
• *kologъ (“turn of the year, Yule”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: коло (kolo)
    • Belarusian: ко́ла (kóla)
    • Russian: ко́ло (kólo) (archaic)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: коло (kolo)
    • Ukrainian: ко́ло (kólo)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: коло (kolo)
  • Bulgarian: ко́ло (kólo) (archaic)
    • ⇒ Bulgarian: колело́ (koleló)
    • ⇒ Bulgarian: кола́ f (kolá, “car”)
  • Macedonian: ко́ло (kólo), ко́лце (kólce), ко́ла (kóla)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ко̏ло

    Latin script: kȍlo

  • Slovene: kolọ̑, kọ̑lo (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: kolo, koło (alternative writing)
    • Czech: kolo
  • Old Polish: koło
    • Polish: koło, kole (Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia, Near Masovian, Malbork, Kielce), kiele (Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Chełmno-Dobrzyń), kele (Near Masovian)
    • Silesian: koło
  • Old Slovak: kolo
    • Pannonian Rusyn: кoло (kolo)
    • Slovak: kolo
  • Polabian: ťölü
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: kòło
    • Slovincian: kôlô
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: koło
      • → Lower Sorbian: koło

Back-formations from *kolesà (plural):

• East Slavic
  • Russian: колесо́ sg (kolesó)
    • → Kildin Sami: коалес (kåljes)
    • → Skolt Sami: kååʹlez
    • → Yakut: көлөһө (kölöhö)
  • Ukrainian: ко́лесо sg (kóleso)
• West Slavic
  • Czech: koleso sg
  • Slovak: koleso sg
  • Sorbian
    • Lower Sorbian: kólaso sg
    • Upper Sorbian: koleso sg

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “колесо́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kolo”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 10 (*klepačь – *konь), Moscow: Nauka, page 141
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “коло”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 559