User:Mårtensås/inscriptions

List of Proto-Norse inscriptions, for easy creation of new entries and normalisation of translations. Roughly sorted by age.

ᚱᚨᚢᛞᚨᛉ (raudaʀ), ᚱᚨᚢᛞᚨᛉ

Pre-transitional

Thorsberg chape

1. • c. 200 AD, Thorsberg chape, found near Süderbrarup, Germany.

     ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ ¶ ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ
     owlþuþewaʀ ¶ niwajemariʀ

     Wolþuþewaʀ, ni wajēmāriʀ.

     Wolþuþewaz, not ill-famed [well-renowned].

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)
  • ᛟ (o)
  • ᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (wlþuþewaʀ)
• ᚾᛁ (ni)
• ᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ (wajemariʀ /⁠wajēmāriʀ⁠/)

---

Nøvling brooch

1. • 210–240, Nøvling brooch (signum DK NJy 48[1]):

     ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ

     bidawarijaʀtalgidai

     Bidawarijaz carved

Dating

Archeological dating 210–240. j extended to full vertical height; all other letters of oldest type. Possibly hypercorrective ending -ai rather than -e.

Words

• ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ)
• ᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ (talgidai)

---

Einang stone

1. • c. 4th century, Einang Stone:

     [ᛖᚲᚷᛟ]ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ
     [ekgo]dagastizrunofaihido

     [ek Go]dagastiz rūnō faihidō

     [I, Go]dagastiz, painted [the] rune

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type, non-collapsed -aih- cluster, singular "rune" (= inscription).

Words

• ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ dagastiz /dagastiz/
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ runo /rūnō/
• ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ faihido /faihidō/

---

Hogganvik stone

Tracing of the stone

1. • c. 150 CE – 400 CE, Hogganvik stone :

     ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ᛬ᛊ[ᛏ]ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ᛬ᚨᚨᚨᛊᚱᛈᚲᚠ ¶ ᛖᚲᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ ¶ ᛖᚲᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚨᚱᛈᚨᚨ᛬ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ

     kelbaþewas᛬s[t]ainaʀ᛬aaasrpkf ¶ eknaudigastiʀ ¶ ekerafaʀ ¶ aarpaa᛬inananaboʀ

     /[s]kelbaþewas stainaʀ. aaasrpkf. Ek Naudigastiʀ, ek Erᵃfaʀ. aarpaa. Innana nabōʀ./

     [s]kelbaþewaz' stone. aaarspkf. I, Need-guest, I the wolverine. aarpaa. From within the nave.

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type. p-rune.

Words

• ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ kelbaþewas /kelbaþewas/
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ stainaz /stainaz/
• ᛖᚲ ek /ek/
• ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ naudigastiz /Naudigastiz/
• ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ erafaz /erᵃfaz/
• ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ inana /inana/
• ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ naboz /nabōz/

---

Kalleby/Tanum stone

Photograph of the Kalleby stone

1. • c. 4th century, Kalleby Runestone:

     ᚦᚱᚨᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ ᛫ ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉᚹᚨᛊ
     þrawijan ᛫ haitinazwas

     þrawijan haitinaz was

     þrawija's [stone] ᛫ [he/it] was commanded/called

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• ᚦᚱᚨᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ þrawijan /þrawijan/
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ haitinaz /haitinaz/
• ᚹᚨᛊ was /was/

---

Opedal runestone

1. • 3rd-5th century, inscription on the Opedal Rune Stone:

     ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢᛗᛖᛉ᛬ᚹᚨᚷᛖ ¶ ᛒᛁᚱᚷᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱᛗᛁᚾᚢ
     leubumez:wage ¶ birgŋguboroswestarminu

     Leubu mez, Wagē. Birg Ingubōrō swestar mīnu!

     [she is] dear to me, Wagaʀ. My sister, help Ingubora!

Dating

Older e-rune, ŋ standing for /iŋg/

Words

• ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢ leubu /leubu/
• ᛗᛖᛉ mez /mez/
• ᚹᚨᚷᛖ wage /Wagē/
• ᛒᛁᚱᚷ birg /birg/
• ᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟ ŋguboro /Ingubōrō/
• ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ swestar /swestar/
• ᛗᛁᚾᚢ minu /mīnu/

---

Tune stone

1. • Tune stone

     ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ᛫ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁ ¶ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ᛬ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ᛬ᚱ[ ] ¶ [ ]ᛉᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ᛬ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ᛬ ¶ ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ ¶ ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ
     ekwiwazafter᛫woduri ¶ dewitadahalaiban᛬worahto᛬r[ ] ¶ [ ]zwoduride᛬stainaz᛬ ¶ þrijozdohtrizdalidun ¶ arbijarjostezarbijano

     Ek Wīwaz after Wōdurīdē witandahᵃlaiban worᵃhtō r... ...z Wōdurīdē stainaz þrijōz dohtrīz dālidun, arbijarjōstēz arbijanō.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dating

Younger e-rune.

Words

• ᛖᚲ ek /ek/
• ᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉ wiwaz /Wīwaz/
• ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ after /after/
• ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ woduride /Wōdurīdē/
  • *ᚹᛟᛞᚢᛉ (woduz) /wōduz/
  • *ᚱᛁᛞᚨᛉ (ridaz) /rīdaz/
• ᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ witadahalaiban /witandahᵃlaiban/
• ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ worahto /worᵃhtō/
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ stainaz /stainaz/
• ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉ þrijoz /þrijōz/
• ᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉ dohtriz /dohtrīz/
• ᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ dalidun /dailidun/ OR /dālidun/
• ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ arbija /arbija/
• ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ arjostez /arjostēz/
• ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ arbijano /arbijanō/

---

Strøm whetstone

1. • Strøm whetstone

     ᚹᚨᛏᛖᚺᚨᛚᛁᚺᛁᚾᛟᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ ¶ ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛋᚴᚨᚦᛁᚺᚨᚦᚢᛚᛁᚷᛁ
     watehalihinohorna ¶ hahaskaþihaþuligi

     Wātē halli hinō, horna! ¶ Haha skaþī, haþu ligī!

     Wet this stone, horn! Scythe, scathe! hay, lie!

Dating

Younger k and e. hino is the earliest attestation of Old Norse hinn.

Words

• ᚹᚨᛏᛖ wate /wātē/ - verb, weak 3, imper. sg.
• ᚺᚨᛚᛁ hali /halli/ - noun, i-stem fem., acc. sg.
• ᚺᛁᚾᛟ hino /hinō/ - pronoun, fem. acc. sg.
• ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ horna /horna/ - noun, a-stem neut., nom. sg.
• ᚺᚨᚺᚨ haha /haha/ - noun, n-stem masc., nom. sg.
• ᛋᚴᚨᚦᛁ skaþi /skaþī/ - verb, strong 6 j-present, imper. sg.
• ᚺᚨᚦᚢ haþu /haþu/ - noun, u-stem neut., nom. sg.
• ᛚᛁᚷᛁ ligi /ligī/ - verb, strong 5 j-present, imper. sg.

---

Vetteland stone

1. • Vetteland stone

     [ ]ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉᛁᛊᛏ ¶ [ ]ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ [ ]ᛞᚨᛉᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ
     [ ]flagdafaikinazist ¶ [ ]magozminasstaina ¶ [ ]dazfaihido

     [ ]flagdafaikinaz ist. [ ]magōz mīnas staina. [ ]daz faihidō

     ... is betrayed by a troll-woman. ... my son's stone. ...daz painted

Dating

Uncollapsed /aih/-cluster. All runes of oldest type. Left-to-right.

Words

• ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨ flagda /flagda/ - Old Norse flagð
• ᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉ faikinaz /faikinaz/ - Old Norse feikinn
• ᛁᛊᛏ ist /ist/
• ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ magoz /magōz/
• ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ minas /mīnas/
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ staina /staina/
• ᛞᚨᛉ daz /-daz/(incomplete)
• ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ faihido /faihidō/

---

Kjølevik stone

1. • 3rd-6th century, inscription on the Kjølevik Stone (KJ75, NIæR19):

     ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ ¶ ᛖᚲᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᚺᛚᚨᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᛟᛗᚨᚷᚢᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ
     hadulaikaz ¶ ekhagustadaz ¶ hlaaiwidomaguminino

     Hadulaikaz. ek Hagustaldaz hlaiwidō magu mīninō

     Hadulaikaz [lies here]. I, Hagustaldaz, buried my son

Words

• ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ hadulaikaz /Hadulaikaz/
• ᛖᚲ ek /ek/
• ᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛞᚨᛉ hagustadaz /Hagustaldaz/
• ᚺᛚᚨᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᛟ hlaaiwido /hlaiwidō/
• ᛗᚨᚷᚢ magu /magu/
• ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ minino /mīninō/

---

Gallehus horn

The inscription, cropped from a 1734 drawing

1. • 400s, inscription on the younger Gallehus horn

     ᛖᚲᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ᛬ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ᛬
     ekhlewagastiz᛬holtijaz᛬horna᛬tawido᛬

     ek Hlewagastiz Holtijaz horna tawidō

     I, Hlewagastiz Holtijaz, made [the] horn

Words

• ᛖᚲ ek /ek/
• ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ hlewagastiz /Hlewagastiz/
• ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ holtijaz /Holtijaz/
• ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ horna /horna/
• ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ tawido /tawidō/

---

Möjbro stone

1. • c. 4th century, Möjbro Runestone (U877, KJ99)

     ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚾᚨᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨ ¶ ᛉ
     frawaradaz ¶ anahahaislagina ¶ z

     Frawarādaz ana hanhē slaginaz

     Frawarādaz, slain on his steed.

Dating

Possible younger r and s

Words

• ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ frawaradaz /Frawarādaz/
• ᚨᚾᚨ ana /ana/
• ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁ hahai /hanhē/
• ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ slaginaz /slaginaz/

---

Rö stone

1. • 200s-400s inscription on the Rö runestone:

     ᛖᚲᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚾᚨ(2?) ¶ ᛊ[ᚨ]ᛁᚱᚨᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ
     ekhrazazsatidostaina ¶ swabaharjaz ¶ ana(2?) ¶ s[a]irawidaz ¶ stainawarijazfahido

     ek Hrazaz satidō staina ¶ Swabaharjaz ¶ ana... ¶ Sairawīdaz ¶ Stainawārijaz fāhidō

     I, Hrazaz, set the stone. Swabaharjaz ¶ on... ¶ Wound-wide ¶ [I], Stainawārijaz painted

Dating

All runes of oldest type, archaic name compounds. -aih- > -āh-.

Words

• ᛖᚲ ek /ek/
• ᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ hrazaz /Hrazaz/
• ᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟ satido /satidō/
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ staina /staina/
• ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ swabaharjaz /Swabaharjaz/
• ᛊᚨᛁᚱᚨᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ s[a]irawidaz /Sairawīdaz/
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ stainawarijaz /Stainawārijaz/
• ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ fahido /fāhidō/

---

Stenstad stone

1. • ᛁᚷᛁᛃᛟᚾᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ
     igijonhalaz

     īgijōn hallaz

     Igijo's stone

Dating

Full-length j. All others of oldest type.

Words

• ᛁᚷᛁᛃᛟᚾ igijon /īgijōn/ OR /ingijōn/
• ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ halaz /hallaz/

---

Järsberg stone

Photograph of the Järsberg stone

1. • 400s, inscription on the Järsberg Runestone

     ᚺᚨᛁᛏ[ ] ¶ ᛖᚴᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ ¶ ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ ¶ [ ]ᚢᛒᚨᛉᚺᛁᛏᛖ᛬ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ
     hait[ ] ¶ ekerilaz ¶ runozwaritu ¶ [ ]ubazhite᛬harabanaz

     Hait… ¶ Ek erilaz rūnōz wᵃrītu. ¶ …ubaz haitē. Hᵃrabᵃnaz..

     I am called… ¶ I, the erilaz, write the runes. ¶ …ubaz I am called. Raven.

Dating

Younger k, e and z.

Words

• ᛖᚴ ek /ek/
• ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ erilaz /erilaz/
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉ runoz /rūnōz/
• ᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ waritu /wᵃrītu/
• ᚢᛒᚨᛉ ubaz /-ubaz/(incomplete)
• ᚺᛁᛏᛖ hite /haitē/
• ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ harabanaz /Hᵃrabᵃnaz/

---

Noleby stone

1. • 450-500, Noleby Runestone (KJ 67, Vg 63)

     ᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᚺᛁᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚴᚢᛞᛟᛏᛟᛡᛖ[ᚴ]ᚨ ¶ ᚢᚾᚨᚦᛟᚢ : ᛊᚢᚺᚢᚱᚨᚺ : ᛊᚢᛊᛁ (ᚺ)-ᛏᛁᚾ ¶ ᚺᚨᚴᚢᚦᛟ
     runofahiraginakudotoje[k]a ¶ unaþou : suhurah : susi(h)—tin ¶ hakuþo

     rūnō fāhi raginakundō tōjeka ...

     I prepare the suitable rune of divine origin

Dating

Transitional j, but still with sound value /j/ (the only Scandinavian example of this).

Words

• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ runo /rūnō/
• ᚠᚨᚺᛁ fahi /fāhi/
• ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚴᚢᛞᛟ raginakudo /raginakundō/
  • *ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨ (*ragina)
  • *ᚲᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*kudaʀ)
• ᛏᛟᛡᛖᚴᚨ tojeka /tōje'ka/
• ᚢᚾᚨᚦᛟᚢ unaþou /?/
• ᚺᚨᚴᚢᚦᛟ hakuþo /?/

---

Söderköping stone

1. • 500-550, Söderköping stone (Ög KJ 59)

     ᛖᚴᛡᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉᛡᚠᛋ[ ]ᚴᛡᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟᚴᛡ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾᛡ ¶ [ ]ᛦ ¶ ᚴᚴ'ᚴᛁᛁᛁᛁ'ᚴᚴᚴ
     ekAsigimArAzAfs[ ]kArAisidokA ¶ stAinA ¶ [ ]z ¶ kk'kiiii'kkk

     eka Sigimaraʀ Af[ ]kA raisidōka staina [ ]z ¶ kk ' kiiii ' kkk

     I Sigimaraʀ[ ]I raised ¶ the stone ¶ -z ¶ [unknown cipher]

Dating

Transitional j, sound value /a/. Y-shape k. Word-final -ō preserved, unstressed syllables preserved (rAisido instead of *rAisto). Arguably the last non-transitional inscription.

Words

• ᛖᚴᛡ ekA /eka/
• ᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉ sigimArAz /Sigimaraʀ/
• ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟ rAisido /raisidō/
• -ᚴᛡ -kA /-ka/
• ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾᛡ stAinA /staina/

---

Bracteates

Tjurkö 1 bracteate

1. • 400s-500s, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate

     ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ··ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ···
     wurterunozanwalhakurne··heldazkunimudiu···

     wurtē rūnōz an walhakurnē, Heldaz Kunimundiu

     Heldaz wrought the runes on the foreign/Roman grain [the gold] for Kunimunduz.

Words

• ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ wurte /wurtē/
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉ runoz /rūnōz/
• ᚨᚾ an /an/
• ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ walhakurne /walhakurnē/
• ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉ heldaz /Heldaz/
• ᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ kunimudiu /Kunimundiu/

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Trollhättan II bracteate

Photograph of the Trollhättan II bracteate.

1. • 400s-500s, inscription on the Trollhättan II bracteate (/IK 639/)

     ᛖ[ᚴ]ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ ᛫ ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ ᛫ ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨᛚᚨᚦᛟ ᛫
     e[k]erilaz ᛫ mariþeubazhaite ᛫ wraitalaþo ᛫

     ek erilaz, Mariþeubaz haitē, wraita laþō

     I, the Erilaz, [who] am called sea/glory-thief, wrote an invitation.

Words

• ᛖᚴ ek /ek/
• ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ erilaz /erilaz/
• ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ mariþeubaz /Mariþeubaz/
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ haite /haitē/
• ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ wraita /wraita/
• ᛚᚨᚦᛟ laþo /laþō/

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Skodborghus-B bracteate

1. • 440–560, inscription on the Skodborghus-B bracteate (DR IK161)[2]

     ᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᛞ

     aujaalawinaujaalawinaujaalawinjalawid

     /auja Alawin, auja Alawin, auja Alawin, j[āra] Alawid/

     luck for Alawin, luck for Alawin, luck for Alawin, prosperity for Alawid

Words

• ᚨᚢᛃᚨ auja /auja/
• ᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾ alawin /alawin/
• ᛃ j /jāra/
• ᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᛞ alawid /alawid/

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Zealand II bracteate

1. • 400s-500s, Zealand-II bracteate (KJ127)

     ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚢᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨ᛬ᚠᚨᚱᚨᚢᛁᛋᚨ᛬ᚷᛁᛒᚢᚨᚢᚽᚨ᛬ᛏᛏᛏ

     /Hariūha haiti-ka, Fārawīsa. Gibu auja. ttt/

     Hariūha I am called, danger-knower. I give good fortune. Tew, Tew, Tew!

Transitional (Lister stones)

Istaby stone

1. • 550-600, inscription on the Istaby Runestone (DR 359, KJ98)

     ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ ¶ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ ¶ ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ
     AfatzhAriwulafa ¶ hAþuwulafzhAeruwulafiz ¶ warAitrunAzþAiAz

     afᵃtr Hariwulᵃfa, Haþuwulᵃfʀ Hearuwulᵃfīʀ, wᵃrait rūnaʀ þaiaʀ

     In memory of Hariwulfʀ, Haþuwulfʀ, the descendant of Hearuwulfʀ, wrote these runes.

Words

• ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ Afatz /afᵃtr/
• ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ hAriwulafa /Hariwulᵃfa/
• ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ hAþuwulafz /Haþuwulᵃfʀ/
• ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ hAeruwulafiz /Hearuwulᵃfīʀ/ ( < *ᚺᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚠᛁᛃᚨᛉ)
• ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ warAit /wᵃrait/
• ᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ runAz /rūnaʀ/
• ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ þAiAz /þaiaʀ/

Dating

This stone shows an orthography different from that of the other three. It is the only known stone by Haþuwulfʀ, although he is mentioned on the Stentoften and Gummarp stones as well.

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Gummarp stone

1. • 550-600, inscription on the (now-lost) Gummarp stone (DR 358, KJ95)

     ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ ¶ ᛋᛡᛏᛖ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡᚦᚱᛁᚨ ¶ ᚠᚠᚠ
     hAþuwolAfA ¶ sAte ¶ stAbAþria ¶ fff

     Haþuwolᵃfa sattē staβa þrīą: f[ē] f[ē] f[ē]

     [in memory of] Haþuwolfʀ, [N. N.] placed three staves: fff [wealth, wealth, wealth]

Words

• ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ hAþuwolAfA /Haþuwolᵃfa/
• ᛋᛡᛏᛖ sAte /sattē/
• ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ stAbA /staβa/
• ᚦᚱᛁᚨ þria /þrīą/
• ᚠ f /f/

Dating

Executed by the same carver as the Stentoften stone. Since the orthography is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

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Stentoften stone

1. • 550-600, Stentoften Runestone (DR 357, KJ96)

     ᚾᛁᚢᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ ¶ ᚾᛁᚢᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ ¶ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦᚷᛡᚠᛃ ¶ ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦᛖᛡᚷᛁᚢᛋᚾᚢᚺᚹᛖ ¶ ᚺᛁᛞᛖᛦᚱᚢᚾᛟᚾᛟᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺᛖᚴᛡᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ ¶ ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞᛋᛡᚦᛡᛏ ¶ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ
     niuhAborumz ¶ niuhagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfzgAfj ¶ hAriwolAfzeAgiusnuhwe ¶ hidezrunonofelAhekAhederAginoronoz ¶ herAmAlAsAzArAgeuwelAdudsAþAt ¶ bAriutiþ

     Nīu haβᵒrumʀ, nīu hągistumʀ, Haþuwolᵃfʀ gaf j[= ār]. Hariwolᵃfʀ [eAgiusnuhwe]. Hiðeʀ rūnō [ru]nō felᵃh-ekᵃ heðera, ginnurūnōʀ. herᵃmalausᵃʀ arᵃgiu, wēladauðē, sa þat bᵃriutiþ.

     By [the sacrifice of] nine bucks, by [the sacrifice of] nine steeds, Haþuwolfʀ gave a good harvest. Hariwolfʀ [undeciphered]. A bright row of runes I conceal here, mighty runes. Defenceless by [reason of] perversity, [condemned] to insidious death, is he [who] breaks this.

Dating

Executed by the same carver as the Gummarp stone. Since it is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

Words

• ᚾᛁᚢ niu /nīu/ "nine"
• ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ hAborumz /haβᵒrumʀ/ "with bucks"
• ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ hagestumz /hągistumʀ/ "with steeds"
• ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ haþuwolAfz /Haþuwolᵃfʀ/ "Haþuwolfʀ"
• ᚷᛡᚠ gAf /gaf/ "gave"
• ᛃ j /j/ "good harvest"

  Note: ideographic rune, standing for its name, at this time "ār".

• ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ hAriwolAfz /Hariwolᵃfʀ/ "Hariwolfʀ"
• ᚺᛁᛞᛖᛦ hidez /haiðiʀ/ "bright"
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ runo /rūnō/ "of runes"
• ᚱᛟᚾᛟ rono /runō/ "row"
• ᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺ felAh /felᵃh/ "conceal"
• ᛖᚴᛡ ekA /ekᵃ/ "I"
• ᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡ hederA /heðᵉra/ "here"
• ᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ ginoronoz /ginnᵃ-rūnōʀ/ "power-, might-runes"
• ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦ herAmAlAsAz /herᵃmalausaʀ/ "defence-less"
• ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ ArAgeu /arᵃgiu/ "with effeminacy"
• ᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞ welAdud /wēladauð/ "treacherous; wile-death"
• ᛋᛡ sA /sa/ "he [who]"
• ᚦᛡᛏ þAt /þat/ "this"
• ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ bAriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/ "breaks, destroys"

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Björketorp stone

1. • ᚺᛡᛁᛞᛉᚱᚢᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᚢ ¶ ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺᛡᚴᚺᛡᛁᛞᛖᚱᛡᚷ ¶ ᛁᚾᛡᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ ¶ ᚺᛡᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ ¶ ᚢᛏᛁᛡᛉᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᛡᚢᛞᛖ ¶ ᛋᛡᛉᚦᛡᛏᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ
     hAidzrunoronu ¶ fAlAhAkhAiderAg ¶ inArunAzArAgeu ¶ hAerAmAlAusz ¶ utiAzwelAdAude ¶ sAzþAtbArutz

     haidʀ rūna runū fælᵃhᵃk heðᵉra ginnᵃ-rūnaʀ ærᵃgiu hearᵃmalausʀ ūtē æʀ wēladauðē saʀ þat bᵃrȳtʀ

     a bright rune-row I conceal here, mighty runes. Defenceless by perversity, outside by treacherous death, he who destroys [this monument].