astus
Estonian edit
Verb edit
astus
- Third-person singular past form of astuma.
Latin edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Italic *akstus, of uncertain origin, suggestions include:[1]
- from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) - compare Lithuanian akstìs, Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”);
- from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary;
- from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen in urbānus; however, in the latter this appears to be a Late Republican development.
A long vowel is once attested for ā̆stūtia, which would be unexpected but parallelled by ācer. Attested since Plautus (second half of the 3d century BCE).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈaːs.tus/, [ˈäːs̠t̪ʊs̠] or IPA(key): /ˈas.tus/, [ˈäs̠t̪ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈas.tus/, [ˈäst̪us]
Noun edit
ā̆stus m (genitive ā̆stūs); fourth declension
- (usually in the ablative) (by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)
- (usually in the plural) tricks, stratagems
Declension edit
Fourth-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ā̆stus | ā̆stūs |
| Genitive | ā̆stūs | ā̆stuum |
| Dative | ā̆stuī | ā̆stibus |
| Accusative | ā̆stum | ā̆stūs |
| Ablative | ā̆stū | ā̆stibus |
| Vocative | ā̆stus | ā̆stūs |
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
See also edit
References edit
- “astus” on page 212 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “astus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
Further reading edit
- “astus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “astus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- astus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- astus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.