charakter
English
editEtymology
editDirectly borrowed from Ancient Greek χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr). Doublet of character.
Noun
editcharakter (plural charakteres)
- A glyph with no agreed semantic or phonetic value, generally formed by deforming a letter of the Greek alphabet or a simple geometric symbol via one of several predefined processes, used as part of magical texts in the Hellenistic world.
- 2004, Angelos Chaniotis, Thomas Corsten, R. S. Stroud, Rolf Tybout, editors, Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, volume LIV, page 660:
- […] (yellow diasper; inscription in a circle enclosing magical charakteres on two lines; other letters (?) and charakteres on the rim; scorpion on the reverse; 3rd cent. A.D.; N. 660/661) […]
- 2011, György Németh, Sequences of charakteres in some circus defixiones in Latin from Hadrumetum:
- Among the roughly forty curse-tablets found, mainly by French army officers in the late nineteenth century, at Hadrumetum, is a group of texts exhibiting a common feature, namely that they contain recurring sequences of charakteres. In this form they have not been found elsewhere; moreover, the individual charakteres are also different from magic signs found elsewhere.
- 2014, Richard Gordon, Charaktêres between Antiquity and Renaissance: Transmission and Re-invention:
- The great majority of charaktêres, like the majority of voces magicae, were never memorized – they were simply produced on one occasion. That is why there could be so many of them. We shall see this principle emphatically re-asserted in the medieval and early-modern shift from the charaktêr to the sigillum.
- 2019, Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World, page 337:
- Such hissings and poppings are not the only incomprehensible signs that the theurgists use to make contact with the divine; various sources make mention of charakteres, incomprehensible drawn figures that seem to resemble letters or images but without any clear iconic resemblance.
Czech
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Czech charakter, from Latin charactē̆r, from Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō). Compare Polish charakter and Slovak charakter.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editcharakter m inan
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | charakter | charaktery |
genitive | charakteru | charakterů |
dative | charakteru | charakterům |
accusative | charakter | charaktery |
vocative | charaktere | charaktery |
locative | charakteru | charakterech |
instrumental | charakterem | charaktery |
Related terms
editFurther reading
editKashubian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Polish charakter.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editcharakter m inan
- character (nature of something or something, personality)
Further reading
edit- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “χarakter”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 52
- Jan Trepczyk (1994) “charakter”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “charakter”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[2]
- “charakter”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Old Czech
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Latin charactē̆r, from Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō).[1] Compare Old Slovak charakter.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editcharakter m inan
- character (engraved sign, mark, sign of something)
Declension
editsingular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | charakter | charaktery | charakteři, charakterové |
genitive | charaktera, charakteru | charakterú | charakteróv |
dative | charakteru | charakteroma | charakteróm |
accusative | charakter | charaktery | charaktery |
vocative | charakteře | charaktery | charakteři, charakterové |
locative | charakteřě, charakteru | charakterú | charakteřiech |
instrumental | charakterem | charakteroma | charaktery |
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.
Descendants
edit- Czech: charakter
References
edit- ^ Rejzek, Jiří (2015) “charakter”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “charakter”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Slovak
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Latin charactē̆r, from Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō).[1] Compare Old Czech charakter. First attested in the 17th century.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editcharakter m inan
Descendants
edit- Slovak: charakter
References
edit- Majtán, Milan et al., editors (1991–2008), “charakter”, in Historický slovník slovenského jazyka [Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–7 (A – Ž), Bratislava: VEDA, →OCLC
Polish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Latin charactē̆r.[1][2] First attested in 1557.[3] Compare Czech charakter and Slovak charakter.
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /xaˈrak.tɛr/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /xaˈrak.tɛr/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -aktɛr
- Syllabification: cha‧rak‧ter
Noun
editcharakter m inan (related adjective charakterowy)
- character, personality (complex of traits marking a person)
- Synonym: natura
- Rozwiedliśmy się ze względu na niezgodność charakterów.
- We divorced due to incompatible personalities.
- character, personality (strength of mind; resolution; independence; individuality; moral strength)
- character (complex of traits marking an object or pheonomenon)
- Synonyms: barwa, zabarwienie
- Działania na terytorium Ukrainy mają charakter wojenny.
- The activity on the territory of Ukraine has the features of war.
- (narratology) character (being that can act in a work of fiction)
- Synonym: postać
- (formal) role
- Czy wezmę udział w procesie w charakterze świadka czy pokrzywdzonego?
- Will I take part in the trial as a witness or as a victim?
- (obsolete) property, trait (defining characteristic of an object)
- Synonym: właściwość
- (obsolete) character (letter, mark, or sign)
- (Middle Polish) written spell or charm
- (Middle Polish) mark, sign
- (Middle Polish, heraldry) banner; coat of arms
- (Middle Polish, now in set phrases) handwriting (manner of writing)
- Synonym: charakter pisma
Declension
editStandardly:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | charakter | charaktery |
genitive | charakteru | charakterów |
dative | charakterowi | charakterom |
accusative | charakter | charaktery |
instrumental | charakterem | charakterami |
locative | charakterze | charakterach |
vocative | charakterze | charaktery |
Regionally:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | charakter | charaktry |
genitive | charaktru | charaktrów |
dative | charaktrowi | charaktrom |
accusative | charakter | charaktry |
instrumental | charaktrem | charaktrami |
locative | charaktrze | charaktrach |
vocative | charaktrze | charaktry |
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- → Kashubian: charakter
- → Russian: хара́ктер (xarákter)
- → Silesian: karakter (through Middle Polish "karakter")
Trivia
editAccording to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), charakter is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 37 times in scientific texts, 18 times in news, 48 times in essays, 7 times in fiction, and 10 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 120 times, making it the 499th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[4]
References
edit- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “charakter”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ^ Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “charakter”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language][1] (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
- ^ Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “karakter, charakter”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “charakter”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 44
Further reading
edit- charakter in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- charakter in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Wiesław Morawski (25.05.2023) “CHARAKTER”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “charakter”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “charakter”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “charakter”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 271
Slovak
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Slovak charakter, from Latin charactē̆r, from Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō). Compare Czech charakter and Polish charakter.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editcharakter m inan
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | charakter | charaktery |
genitive | charakteru | charakterov |
dative | charakteru | charakterom |
accusative | charakter | charaktery |
locative | charaktere | charakteroch |
instrumental | charakterom | charaktermi |
Synonyms
editRelated terms
editFurther reading
edit- “charakter”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
- English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
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- Czech terms inherited from Old Czech
- Czech terms derived from Old Czech
- Czech terms derived from Latin
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- Czech nouns
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- Kashubian terms derived from Latin
- Kashubian terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Kashubian terms borrowed from Polish
- Kashubian terms derived from Polish
- Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Kashubian/aktɛr
- Rhymes:Kashubian/aktɛr/3 syllables
- Kashubian lemmas
- Kashubian nouns
- Kashubian masculine nouns
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- Old Czech terms borrowed from Latin
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- Old Slovak terms borrowed from Latin
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- Polish terms borrowed from Latin
- Polish learned borrowings from Latin
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- Polish 3-syllable words
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- Rhymes:Polish/aktɛr
- Rhymes:Polish/aktɛr/3 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish masculine nouns
- Polish inanimate nouns
- Polish terms with usage examples
- pl:Narratology
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- Middle Polish
- pl:Heraldry
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- pl:Occult
- Slovak terms inherited from Old Slovak
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- Slovak terms derived from Latin
- Slovak terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak nouns
- Slovak masculine nouns
- Slovak inanimate nouns
- Slovak terms with declension dub