fonkelen
Dutch edit
Alternative forms edit
- vonkelen (now less common)
Etymology edit
Later 18th century, equivalent to vonken (“to spark”) + -elen (iterative suffix). A singularly attested Middle Dutch voncklen (15th c.) seems to have had no continuation. The comparatively late Dutch attestations (some of which in German-influenced texts) make a calque of German funkeln likely. The f- may also be due to the same reason, although this is not certain as the v-form is the older one in Dutch.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
fonkelen
- (intransitive) to twinkle, sparkle
Inflection edit
| Inflection of fonkelen (weak) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | fonkelen | |||
| past singular | fonkelde | |||
| past participle | gefonkeld | |||
| infinitive | fonkelen | |||
| gerund | fonkelen n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | fonkel | fonkelde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | fonkelt | fonkelde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | fonkelt | fonkelde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | fonkelt | fonkelde | ||
| 3rd person singular | fonkelt | fonkelde | ||
| plural | fonkelen | fonkelden | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | fonkele | fonkelde | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | fonkelen | fonkelden | ||
| imperative sing. | fonkel | |||
| imperative plur.1 | fonkelt | |||
| participles | fonkelend | gefonkeld | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
Related terms edit
Luxembourgish edit
Verb edit
fonkelen (third-person singular present fonkelt, past participle gefonkelt, auxiliary verb hunn)
- to sparkle
Conjugation edit
| Regular | ||
|---|---|---|
| infinitive | fonkelen | |
| participle | gefonkelt | |
| auxiliary | hunn | |
| present indicative |
imperative | |
| 1st singular | fonkelen | — |
| 2nd singular | fonkels | fonkel |
| 3rd singular | fonkelt | — |
| 1st plural | fonkelen | — |
| 2nd plural | fonkelt | fonkelt |
| 3rd plural | fonkelen | — |
| (n) or (nn) indicates the Eifeler Regel. | ||