frith-

See also: frith, Frith, fríth, frìth, and friþ

Irish

Alternative forms

• fri- (before t)

Etymology

From Old Irish frith- (“counter-, beside, against”), from the verbal nouns of Old Irish verbs like fris·beir, fris·aicci, fris·indlea with the initial preverb fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

Prefix

frith-

1. anti-, counter-

   Synonym: anta-

2. back

   Synonym: cúl-

Derived terms

Irish terms prefixed with frith-

• friofac
• frith-chuaranfa
• frithagóid
• fritháireamh
• fritháirigh
• frithbhuille
• frithchatóid
• frithcheilg
• frithchiallach
• frithchiallach
• frithchioclón
• frithchléireach
• frithchomhairle
• frithchosc
• frithchosúil
• frithchothromaíocht
• frithchúiseamh
• frithchur
• frithdhearbhú
• frithdhílse
• frithdhleathacht
• frithdhúnadh
• frithéasc
• frithfhillteach
• frithghaoth
• frithgheall
• frithghealltanas
• frithghiniúint
• frithghiniúnach
• frithghiniúnach
• frithghníomh
• frithghob
• frithghoin
• frithghreannach
• frithiontráil
• frithloighceacht
• frithluail
• frithlúbthacht
• frithmhúr
• frithráigh
• frithshá
• frithsheasmhach
• frithsheasmhacht
• frithsheipteach
• frithsheipteán
• frithsheiptigh
• frithsheol
• frithshóisialta
• frithshruth
• frithshuigh
• frithspréigh
• frithstróf
• fritonn
• fritoradh
• fritreo
• fritreomhar
• na fritíortha

 

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
frith-	fhrith-	bhfrith-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “frith-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• fre-, fri- (before stops)
• fris-, fres- (before resonants)

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /fʲrʲiθʲ/

Prefix

frith- (pretonic fris-)

1. counter-, beside, against

Usage notes

There are three basic shapes of the prefix, used in the following manner:

• Frith- proper manifests as such before morpheme-initial vowels.

  ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎aire (“watching”) → ‎frithaire (“vigil”, literally “watching beside”)

  ‎frith- + ‎orcun (“striking down”) → ‎frithorcun (“injury”)

• Fris- and fres- tend to appear before resonants. Originally fres- was created by a following vowel lowering the vowel in older fris-, but by Old Irish times the two variants were interchangeable.
• Fre- and fri- were used before stops. Like with fris- and fres-, the distribution of these two variants originally depended on whether the following morpheme caused its original -i- to lower to -e-, but by the Old Irish period this distribution was not strictly followed. It triggered no mutation of the next morpheme in line.

  ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎cor (“putting”) → ‎frecor (“cultivation, worship”)

  ‎frith- (“against”) + ‎tuidecht (“coming”) → ‎frituidecht (“opposition”, literally “coming against”)

Later on, the non-frith- forms became fossilized as frith- overtook the other shapes in productivity. Frith- also caused lenition of the initial consonant of a following morpheme as this happened. For instance, ‎frith- + ‎gním (“work”) → ‎frithgnam (“pains, labour, work”).

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with frith-

Descendants

• Middle Irish: frith-
  • Irish: frith-
  • Scottish Gaelic: frith-

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From frith.

Prefix

frith-

1. by-, sub-
2. counter-

Derived terms

Scottish Gaelic terms prefixed with frith-

Mutation

Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical	Lenition
frith	fhrith
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.