Compare Hebrew עָלָה ( ʿālā , “ to ascend, rise, go up ” ) .
3-lit.
( intransitive ) to ascend (+ r : to (a place or (less often) person); + n to (a person or (less often) place)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
( intransitive , of royal dignity) to arise [18th Dynasty]
( intransitive , of a wound) to extend , to penetrate (+ n : to (bone, etc.))
( intransitive , with n , m , or ḫr ) to approach , to come to (someone or something)
( transitive ) to approach , to come to (someone or something) [Greco-Roman Period]
( transitive ) to take up (someone or something) to oneself, to lift [Greco-Roman Period]
Conjugation of jꜥr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥr , geminated stem: jꜥrr
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
jꜥr
jꜥrw , jꜥr
jꜥrt
jꜥr
jꜥr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
jꜥr
ḥr jꜥr
m jꜥr
r jꜥr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
contingent
aspect / mood
active
perfect
jꜥr.n
consecutive
jꜥr.jn
terminative
jꜥrt
perfective 3
jꜥr
obligative1
jꜥr.ḫr
imperfective
jꜥr
prospective 3
jꜥr
potentialis1
jꜥr.kꜣ
subjunctive
jꜥr
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
active
passive
perfect
jꜥr.n
—
—
perfective
jꜥr
jꜥr
jꜥr , jꜥrw 5 , jꜥry 5
imperfective
jꜥr , jꜥry , jꜥrw 5
jꜥr , jꜥrj 6 , jꜥry 6
jꜥr , jꜥrw 5
prospective
jꜥr , jꜥrtj 7
jꜥrtj 4 , jꜥrt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥr
jꜥr
jꜥ
jꜥ
ꜥr
ꜥr
ꜥr
[Old Kingdom]
[Old Kingdom]
[since the Old Kingdom]
[since the New Kingdom]
[since the New Kingdom]
most common form since the New Kingdom
Demotic: ꜥl , ꜥr
Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲗ ( ōl )
Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏⲓ ( alēi ) , ⲱⲗⲓ ( ōli )
Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏ ( alē ) , ⲱⲗ ( ōl )
Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲗ ( ōl )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉ ( ale ) , ⲱⲗ ( ōl )
“jꜥr (lemma ID 21770) ”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae [1] , Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1926 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [2] , volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 41.14–41.25
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN , pages 10–11, 45