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TranslingualEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Modification of capital letter R by not closing the bottom of the loop but continuing into the leg to save a pen stroke, later shortening the right leg into a simple arc.
Alternative formsEdit
- ꝛ (archaic)
LetterEdit
r (upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin script): Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Sſs Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
- (Variations of letter R): Ŕŕ Řř Ṙṙ Ŗŗ Ȑȑ Ȓȓ Ṛṛ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Ɍɍ Ɽɽ ᵲ ᶉ ɼ ɾ ᵳ Ʀʀ Ｒｒ
- (select symbols) ® ℝ ɻ r̃
- (other scripts) Cyrillic р (r) я (ja), Greek ρ (r, “rho”), Hebrew ר (r, “resh”), Hangeul ㄹ (r, “rieul”)
- dog's letter
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
IPA (file)
SymbolEdit
r
- Abbreviation of ronto-.
- (engineering, geometry) radius
- (IPA) alveolar trill
- (phonetics) used in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent an various other rhotic sounds (/r/).
SynonymsEdit
- (Romanization of רּ, “reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”): rr (in the Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006) and ISO 259 transliteration schemes)
GalleryEdit
- Letter styles
-
Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type
-
Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur
See alsoEdit
Other representations of R:
EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Old English lower case letter r, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case r of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ.
PronunciationEdit
- (letter name):
- (phoneme): (non-rhotic) IPA(key): /ɹ/ or a lengthening of the previous vowel, (rhotic) IPA(key): /ɹ/
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R, plural rs or r's)
- The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z
NumberEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
Etymology 2Edit
From are, pronounced like the name of the letter r.
VerbEdit
r
- (abbreviation, slang, text messaging, Internet) are (in text messaging and internet conversations)
- How r u — “How are you?”
TranslationsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Abbreviations.
r
- (stenoscript) the sound sequence /ɑr/, including the verb are
- (stenoscript) Abbreviation of her and inflection hers.
- (stenoscript) Abbreviation of our, inflection ours, and homophone hour.
AzerbaijaniEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r lower case (upper case R)
- The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
BasqueEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
DutchEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
See alsoEdit
EgyptianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ. The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods,[1] or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.
PronunciationEdit
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʔ/[2]
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /ɛr/
- Conventional anglicization: er
- (modern Egyptological, US) IPA(key): /ɝ/
NounEdit
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m
- opening, division
- mouth (of humans or animals)
- Stela of Hekaib, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78:
- jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f
- I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his own mouth.
- Stela of Hekaib, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78:
- (figuratively, chiefly in titles) speaker, mouthpiece
- utterance, statement
- (rare) language, manner of speech
- bodily orifice, opening of the human body in general, including eyes, ears, nostrils, the vulva, and open wounds
- entrance to a building, doorway
- entrance to a land or place in general
- mouth of a river
- (especially in compounds) place or thing seen as an opening from one point to another, passage, thoroughfare
- a measure of volume equivalent to 1⁄32 of a hnw or 1⁄320 of a ḥqꜣt (about 15 millilitres); mouthful
- part, piece, fraction
- (mathematics) used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.
- 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:
- r(ꜣ) ḫmtw-št sjsjw
- 1⁄360
- 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:
Usage notesEdit
Following Sethe,[3] it has often been suggested that r should also be taken to mean ‘one third’ as a reading of the sign
(questionably attested in hieroglyphs proper), extrapolating backward from the dual form rwj (“two thirds”); however, such a usage remains uncertain, and the reading of the form ḫmt-rw (“three fourths”) argues against the interpretation of r in rwj as specifically meaning a third.
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InflectionEdit
In the sense of ‘mouth’ the plural is rare, as the singular is usually used even in reference to the mouths of multiple people.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, until, near”).[4]
PronunciationEdit
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /jiɾ/ → /jiʔ/ → /ʔəʔ/ → /ʔə/
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /ɛr/
- Conventional anglicization: er
- (modern Egyptological, US) IPA(key): /ɝ/
PrepositionEdit
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- regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to
- in order to, for (the purpose of)
- (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb
- (with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards
- (in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for
- (of time) at, in, on
- against, in opposition to
- from, apart from (ablative)
- (after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to
- (generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as
- (with a verb in the terminative as object) until
InflectionEdit
Alternative formsEdit
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r
| |||
| jr | |||
| at the beginning of a sentence, and occasionally before pronouns |
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ParticleEdit
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enclitic
Usage notesEdit
This usage is distinguished from the preposition by the fact that it occurs as the enclitic second element in a clause instead of at the end of a clause, as is otherwise the case with prepositional phrases.
Alternative formsEdit
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r
ReferencesEdit
- Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 386.6–388.10, 389.1–392.9
- Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 145
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, 71, 87, 118, 170, 179–180, 196, 410–411 page 65, 71, 87, 118, 170, 179–180, 196, 410–411.
- Gardiner, Alan (1957) Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, third edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 429
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 42
- ^ Palma, Helena Lopez (2015) “Egyptian Fractional Numerals: The grammar of Egyptian NPs and statements with fractional number expressions” in Lingua Aegyptia, volume 23, page 199
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58
- ^ Sethe, Kurt (1916) Von Zahlen und Zahlworten bei den alten Ägyptern, page 82–83
- ^ Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 15
EsperantoEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
EstonianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
FaroeseEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (upper case R)
- The twentieth letter of the Faroese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
FinnishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
FrenchEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.
FulaEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- A letter of the Fula alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Usage notesEdit
See alsoEdit
GothicEdit
RomanizationEdit
r
- Romanization of 𐍂
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | r | r-ek |
| accusative | r-et | r-eket |
| dative | r-nek | r-eknek |
| instrumental | r-rel | r-ekkel |
| causal-final | r-ért | r-ekért |
| translative | r-ré | r-ekké |
| terminative | r-ig | r-ekig |
| essive-formal | r-ként | r-ekként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | r-ben | r-ekben |
| superessive | r-en | r-eken |
| adessive | r-nél | r-eknél |
| illative | r-be | r-ekbe |
| sublative | r-re | r-ekre |
| allative | r-hez | r-ekhez |
| elative | r-ből | r-ekből |
| delative | r-ről | r-ekről |
| ablative | r-től | r-ektől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
r-é | r-eké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
r-éi | r-ekéi |
| Possessive forms of r | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | r-em | r-jeim |
| 2nd person sing. | r-ed | r-jeid |
| 3rd person sing. | r-je | r-jei |
| 1st person plural | r-ünk | r-jeink |
| 2nd person plural | r-etek | r-jeitek |
| 3rd person plural | r-jük | r-jeik |
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
Further readingEdit
- r in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
IdoEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
ItalianEdit
LetterEdit
r f or m (invariable, lower case, upper case R)
- The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.
LatvianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
LivonianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (upper case R)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
MalayEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
MalteseEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-second letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
MandarinEdit
RomanizationEdit
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 兒／儿
ReferencesEdit
- Wenlin Pinyin dictionary
erhua on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
NorwegianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r
- The eighteenth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Usage notesEdit
- /ʁ/ is the pronunciation of r usually found in southern and southeastern dialects of Norway. Bergen has the dialect best known for this sound. Said to come from Danish and/or German, originally from French.
- Dialects with /ʁ/ do not have retroflex consonants.
NupeEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twentieth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
PolishEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (upper case R, lower case)
- The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u (V v), W w (X x), Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż
Further readingEdit
PortugueseEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (BR) (file)
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
RomaniEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- (International Standard) The twenty-second letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
- (Pan-Vlax) The twenty-third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
ReferencesEdit
RomanianEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
Serbo-CroatianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- (uppercase) R
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (Cyrillic spelling р)
Skolt SamiEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (upper case R)
- The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
SpanishEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The nineteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
TurkishEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
TurkmenEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
YorubaEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.
See alsoEdit
- (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
ZuluEdit
LetterEdit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.