rún

See also: Appendix:Variations of "run"

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse rún, from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɹʉuːn/
• Rhymes: -ʉuːn

Noun

rún f (genitive singular rúnar, plural rúnir)

1. rune
2. (in the plural: rúnir) magic

Declension

Declension of rún
f2	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	rún	rúnin	rúnir	rúnirnar
accusative	rún	rúnina	rúnir	rúnirnar
dative	rún	rúnini	rúnum	rúnunum
genitive	rúnar	rúnarinnar	rúna	rúnanna

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse rún (“secret; rune”), from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruːn/
• Rhymes: -uːn

Noun

rún f (genitive singular rúnar, nominative plural rúnir)

1. rune
2. magical symbol
3. (archaic or poetic) secret wisdom
4. (obsolete) female confidant

   Synonym: rúna

Declension

declension of rún

f-s2	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	rún	rúnin	rúnir	rúnirnar
accusative	rún	rúnina	rúnir	rúnirnar
dative	rún	rúninni	rúnum	rúnunum
genitive	rúnar	rúnarinnar	rúna	rúnanna

Derived terms

• ^?Úlfrún f

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish rún (“mystery, secret”) (whence also Scottish Gaelic rùn, Manx roon), from Proto-Celtic *rūnā. Cognate with Welsh rhin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾˠuːn̪ˠ/, /ɾˠuːnˠ/

Noun

rún m (genitive singular rúin, nominative plural rúin)

1. mystery
2. secret
3. secret intention, purpose
4. secret disposition; (evil) design
5. (formal) resolution
6. love, affection
7. loved one; dear one, friend
8. term of endearment

   A rún mo chroí! ― My darling!

Declension

Declension of rún

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative rún rúin Vocative a rúin a rúna Genitive rúin rún Dative rún rúin

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an rún na rúin Genitive an rúin na rún Dative leis an rún don rún leis na rúin

Derived terms

• cara rúin (“confidant”)
• dea-rún (“good intention”)
• faoi rún (“in confidence”)
• margadh rúin (“sweetheart deal”)
• rún buíochais (“vote of thanks”)
• rún cáinte (“vote of censure”)
• rún ceilge (“treacherous intent, plot”)
• rún diaga (“divine mystery”)
• rún díoltais (“design of vengeance”)
• rún gadaí (“malicious intent of thief”)
• rúnach (“runic; secret, mysterious”)
• rúnach (“darling, sweetheart”)
• rúnaí
• rúnchara (“confidant”)
• rúnda
• rúndaingean (“strong-minded, resolute”)
• rúndiamhair (“mystical, mysterious”)
• rúndiamhair (“(religious) mystery”)
• rúnmhar (“close, secretive”)
• scéal rúin

 

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “rún”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “rún”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “rún”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Mandarin

Romanization

rún (run², Zhuyin ㄖㄨㄣˊ)

1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 犉
2. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 瞤／𥆧

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *rūnā. Cognate with Welsh rhin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /r͈uːn/

Noun

rún f (genitive rúine, nominative plural rúna)

1. mystery, secret
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13^a12

     Má beid ní di rúnaib do·théi ar menmuin ind ḟir bíis inna ṡuidiu et ad·reig.

     If there are any of the mysteries that may come upon the mind of the man who is sitting, and he rises.

   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 27^c22

     Is airi am cimbid-se hóre no·pridchim in rúin sin.

     It is for that reason that I am a captive, because I preach that mystery.

Declension

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	rúnL	rúinL	rúnaH
Vocative	rúnL	rúinL	rúnaH
Accusative	rúinN	rúinL	rúnaH
Genitive	rúineH	rúnL	rúnN
Dative	rúinL	rúnaib	rúnaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• rúnde

Descendants

• Irish: rún
• Scottish Gaelic: rùn
• Manx: roon

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
rún also rrún after a proclitic ending in a vowel	rún pronounced with /r(ʲ)-/	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 rún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

photograph of the inscription on the Einang stone, which may be the oldest attestation of this word

Etymology

From Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō, whence also Old English rūn (“secret, runic letter”), Old Saxon rūna (Middle Low German rūne (“whisper”)), Middle High German rūne (“whisper”), Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna, “secret”). Or from the Proto-Indo-European *rewH- (“dig”, a root). Compare German Rune and Swedish runa.

Noun

rún f (genitive rúnar, plural rúnar or rúnir)

1. secret
2. rune

Declension

  Declension of rún (strong ō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	rún	rúnin	rúnar, rúnir	rúnarnar, rúnirnar
accusative	rún	rúnina	rúnar, rúnir	rúnarnar, rúnirnar
dative	rún	rúninni	rúnum	rúnunum
genitive	rúnar	rúnarinnar	rúna	rúnanna

Derived terms

• sigrún (“victory rune”)

Descendants

• Icelandic: rún f
• Faroese: rún f
• Norwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n
• Old Swedish: rūn, rūna
  • Swedish: runa c or f
• Old Danish: rune
  • Danish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl
    • Norwegian Bokmål: rune m or f
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f
    • → German: Rune f
      • → Dutch: rune
    • → English: rune
      • → Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)

References

• Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon — Íslensk orðsifjabók, (1989). Reykjavík, Orðabók Háskólans. (Available on Málið.is under the “Eldra mál” tab.)

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zun˧˦]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʐun˦˧˥]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ɹʊwŋ͡m˦˥]

Noun

rún • (𦠆)

1. Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam form of rốn (“navel”)

   Chuồn chuồn cắn rún biết bơi. (Popular myth among children in Vietnam)

   If you let a dragonfly bite your belly button, you would know how to swim.

See also

Derived terms

• cười tét rún