runa

See also: Rúna, runā, and runą

Bikol Central

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾuˈnaʔ/ [ɾuˈn̪aʔ]
• Hyphenation: ru‧na

Noun

runâ (Basahan spelling ᜍᜓᜈ)

1. Alternative spelling of rona

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈru.nə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈru.na]

Etymology 1

Noun

runa f (plural runes)

1. rune

Related terms

• rúnic

Etymology 2

Contraction of ruïna.

Noun

runa f (plural runes)

1. ruin

   Synonym: ruïna

2. debris, rubble

   Synonym: enderroc

Derived terms

• enrunar
• runam

Further reading

• “runa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “runa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “runa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “runa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Czech

Etymology

Borrowed from Swedish runa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈruna]

Noun

runa f

1. rune

Declension

Declension of runa (hard feminine)

	singular	plural
nominative	runa	runy
genitive	runy	run
dative	runě	runám
accusative	runu	runy
vocative	runo	runy
locative	runě	runách
instrumental	runou	runami

Further reading

• “runa”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935-1957
• “runa”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “runa”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

Gothic

Romanization

rūna

1. Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse runa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrʏːna/
• Rhymes: -ʏːna

Noun

runa f (genitive singular runu, nominative plural runur)

1. row, sequence

   Synonym: röð

2. string of letters or names, enumeration

   Synonyms: romsa, þula, upptalning

3. rigmarole

   Synonyms: romsa, langloka

4. (mathematics) series, sequence

Declension

declension of runa

f-w1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	runa	runan	runur	runurnar
accusative	runu	rununa	runur	runurnar
dative	runu	rununni	runum	rununum
genitive	runu	rununnar	runa	runanna

Anagrams

• raun

Italian

Etymology

From Latin rūna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.na/
• Rhymes: -una
• Hyphenation: rù‧na

Noun

runa f (plural rune)

1. rune

Related terms

• runico

Anagrams

• urna

Latin

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

rūna f (genitive rūnae); first declension

1. dart or javelin
2. rune

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rūna	rūnae
Genitive	rūnae	rūnārum
Dative	rūnae	rūnīs
Accusative	rūnam	rūnās
Ablative	rūnā	rūnīs
Vocative	rūna	rūnae

References

• “runa”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• runa in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• runa in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Latvian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *reu-, *ru-, imitative of speech sounds (from which also Latvian rūkt (“to roar, growl, snarl”), Russian рычать (ryčatʹ, “to roar, growl, snarl”)) with a suffix *-nā. Cognates include Old Irish run, Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna, “secret, mystery”) (i.e., that which is said as a secret), Old English rūn, Old Saxon rūna, Middle Low German rūne (“mysterious whisper; runic character”), Old Norse rýna (“to talk secretly”), Old English rūnian (“to whisper; to plot, conspire”), Old High German rūnēn, German raunen (“to whisper”). Latvian runa probably also meant originally “solemn speech” (maybe “mystic ritual”?); still in the 17-19th centuries it was often used to indicate some special kind of communication (e.g., runas dot “to give advice”, lit. “to give talk”, or runas diena “council meeting”, lit. “talking day”).

Noun

runa f (4th declension)

1. speech, speaking, talking (articulated production of language)

   runas spēja, iemaņas, traucējumi ― speech ability, skills, disorders

   runas orgāni, aparāts ― speech organs, apparatus

   iekšēja runa ― internal speech, internal monologue

   ātra runa ― fast speech; a quick question

   izteiksmīga runa ― expressive speech

   runas veids ― way, style of speaking

   bērnu runa ― children's talk

2. talk, words (what is said by someone)

   par ko ir runa? — what (are you) talking about?

   par to nevar būt ne runas ― about that there can be no talk, it is out of the question

   ticēt glaimu runām ― to believe flattering words

   runas apklusa ― the talking (= people) became silent

3. speech (a spoken text, often delivered in public)

   runas māksla ― the art of speech, oratory

   oratora runa ― the speaker's talk

   apsveikuma runa ― welcome speech

   teikt runu, uzstāties ar runu ― to deliver a speech

   publiskā runa ― public speech

   galda runa ― table, banquet speech, after-dinner speech

4. (grammar) speech (direct or indirect presentation of someone's words)

   tiešā, netiešā runa ― direct, indirect speech

5. (chiefly in the plural) rumor, gossip, idle talk

   tukšas runas ― empty rumors

   kaimiņu runas ― neighbors' talk

   zināt no ļaužu runām ― to know from people's talk, by hearsay

   neklausīties ļaužu runās ― don't listen to people's talk

Declension

Declension of runa (4th declension)

	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	runa	runas
accusative (akuzatīvs)	runu	runas
genitive (ģenitīvs)	runas	runu
dative (datīvs)	runai	runām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	runu	runām
locative (lokatīvs)	runā	runās
vocative (vokatīvs)	runa	runas

Derived terms

• aizruna
• ieruna
• noruna
• paruna
• runāt
• runīgs, runīgums, runība
• saruna

 

Mapudungun

Noun

runa (Raguileo spelling)

1. a handful

References

• Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruːnɑ/

Noun

rūna f

1. nominative plural of rūn
2. accusative plural of rūn

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *rūnu. Cognate with the Old English rūn, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).

Noun

rūna f

1. mystery, secret
2. rune

Declension

Declension of rūna (feminine ō-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	rūna	rūna
accusative	rūna	rūna
genitive	rūna, rūnu, rūno	rūnono
dative	rūnu, rūno, rūna	rūnon, rūnum, rūnun
instrumental	—	—

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.na/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -una
• Syllabification: ru‧na

Etymology 1

From Old Norse rún (“secret, rune”), from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Noun

runa f

1. rune

Declension

Declension of runa

	singular	plural
nominative	runa	runy
genitive	runy	run
dative	runie	runom
accusative	runę	runy
instrumental	runą	runami
locative	runie	runach
vocative	runo	runy

Related terms

• runiczny

 

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

runa n

1. inflection of runo:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Further reading

• runa in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

runas

Etymology

Borrowed from French rune, from Old Norse rún, rúnar (“secret, rune”), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁũ.nɐ/ [ˈhũ.nɐ]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁũ.nɐ/ [ˈhũ.nɐ]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈʁũ.nɐ/ [ˈχũ.nɐ]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.na/ [ˈhu.na]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.nɐ/

• Hyphenation: ru‧na

Noun

runa f (plural runas)

1. rune

Related terms

• rúnico

Quechua

Noun

runa

1. man
2. person, human being

Declension

declension of runa

	singular	plural
nominative	runa	runakuna
accusative	runata	runakunata
dative	runaman	runakunaman
genitive	runap	runakunap
locative	runapi	runakunapi
terminative	runakama	runakunakama
ablative	runamanta	runakunamanta
instrumental	runawan	runakunawan
comitative	runantin	runakunantin
abessive	runannaq	runakunannaq
comparative	runahina	runakunahina
causative	runarayku	runakunarayku
benefactive	runapaq	runakunapaq
associative	runapura	runakunapura
distributive	runanka	runakunanka
exclusive	runalla	runakunalla

possessive forms of runa

ñuqap - first-person singular

ñuqap (my)	singular	plural
nominative	runay	runaykuna
accusative	runayta	runaykunata
dative	runayman	runaykunaman
genitive	runaypa	runaykunap
locative	runaypi	runaykunapi
terminative	runaykama	runaykunakama
ablative	runaymanta	runaykunamanta
instrumental	runaywan	runaykunawan
comitative	runaynintin	runaykunantin
abessive	runayninnaq	runaykunannaq
comparative	runayhina	runaykunahina
causative	runayrayku	runaykunarayku
benefactive	runaypaq	runaykunapaq
associative	runaypura	runaykunapura
distributive	runayninka	runaykunanka
exclusive	runaylla	runaykunalla

qampa - second-person singular

qampa (your)	singular	plural
nominative	runayki	runaykikuna
accusative	runaykita	runaykikunata
dative	runaykiman	runaykikunaman
genitive	runaykipa	runaykikunap
locative	runaykipi	runaykikunapi
terminative	runaykikama	runaykikunakama
ablative	runaykimanta	runaykikunamanta
instrumental	runaykiwan	runaykikunawan
comitative	runaykintin	runaykikunantin
abessive	runaykinnaq	runaykikunannaq
comparative	runaykihina	runaykikunahina
causative	runaykirayku	runaykikunarayku
benefactive	runaykipaq	runaykikunapaq
associative	runaykipura	runaykikunapura
distributive	runaykinka	runaykikunanka
exclusive	runaykilla	runaykikunalla

paypa - third-person singular

paypa (his/her/its)	singular	plural
nominative	runan	runankuna
accusative	runanta	runankunata
dative	runanman	runankunaman
genitive	runanpa	runankunap
locative	runanpi	runankunapi
terminative	runankama	runankunakama
ablative	runanmanta	runankunamanta
instrumental	runanwan	runankunawan
comitative	runanintin	runankunantin
abessive	runanninnaq	runankunannaq
comparative	runanhina	runankunahina
causative	runanrayku	runankunarayku
benefactive	runanpaq	runankunapaq
associative	runanpura	runankunapura
distributive	runaninka	runankunanka
exclusive	runanlla	runankunalla

ñuqanchikpa - first-person inclusive plural

ñuqanchikpa (our(incl))	singular	plural
nominative	runanchik	runanchikkuna
accusative	runanchikta	runanchikkunata
dative	runanchikman	runanchikkunaman
genitive	runanchikpa	runanchikkunap
locative	runanchikpi	runanchikkunapi
terminative	runanchikkama	runanchikkunakama
ablative	runanchikmanta	runanchikkunamanta
instrumental	runanchikwan	runanchikkunawan
comitative	runanchiknintin	runanchikkunantin
abessive	runanchikninnaq	runanchikkunannaq
comparative	runanchikhina	runanchikkunahina
causative	runanchikrayku	runanchikkunarayku
benefactive	runanchikpaq	runanchikkunapaq
associative	runanchikpura	runanchikkunapura
distributive	runanchikninka	runanchikkunanka
exclusive	runanchiklla	runanchikkunalla

ñuqaykup - first-person exclusive plural

ñuqaykup (our(excl))	singular	plural
nominative	runayku	runaykukuna
accusative	runaykuta	runaykukunata
dative	runaykuman	runaykukunaman
genitive	runaykupa	runaykukunap
locative	runaykupi	runaykukunapi
terminative	runaykukama	runaykukunakama
ablative	runaykumanta	runaykukunamanta
instrumental	runaykuwan	runaykukunawan
comitative	runaykuntin	runaykukunantin
abessive	runaykunnaq	runaykukunannaq
comparative	runaykuhina	runaykukunahina
causative	runaykurayku	runaykukunarayku
benefactive	runaykupaq	runaykukunapaq
associative	runaykupura	runaykukunapura
distributive	runaykunka	runaykukunanka
exclusive	runaykulla	runaykukunalla

qamkunap - second-person plural

qamkunap (your(pl))	singular	plural
nominative	runaykichik	runaykichikkuna
accusative	runaykichikta	runaykichikkunata
dative	runaykichikman	runaykichikkunaman
genitive	runaykichikpa	runaykichikkunap
locative	runaykichikpi	runaykichikkunapi
terminative	runaykichikkama	runaykichikkunakama
ablative	runaykichikmanta	runaykichikkunamanta
instrumental	runaykichikwan	runaykichikkunawan
comitative	runaykichiknintin	runaykichikkunantin
abessive	runaykichikninnaq	runaykichikkunannaq
comparative	runaykichikhina	runaykichikkunahina
causative	runaykichikrayku	runaykichikkunarayku
benefactive	runaykichikpaq	runaykichikkunapaq
associative	runaykichikpura	runaykichikkunapura
distributive	runaykichikninka	runaykichikkunanka
exclusive	runaykichiklla	runaykichikkunalla

paykunap - third-person plural

paykunap (their)	singular	plural
nominative	runanku	runankukuna
accusative	runankuta	runankukunata
dative	runankuman	runankukunaman
genitive	runankupa	runankukunap
locative	runankupi	runankukunapi
terminative	runankukama	runankukunakama
ablative	runankumanta	runankukunamanta
instrumental	runankuwan	runankukunawan
comitative	runankuntin	runankukunantin
abessive	runankunnaq	runankukunannaq
comparative	runankuhina	runankukunahina
causative	runankurayku	runankukunarayku
benefactive	runankupaq	runankukunapaq
associative	runankupura	runankukunapura
distributive	runankunka	runankukunanka
exclusive	runankulla	runankukunalla

Descendants

• → Spanish: runa

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rûːna/
• Hyphenation: ru‧na

Noun

rȗna f (Cyrillic spelling ру̑на)

1. rune

Declension

Declension of runa

	singular	plural
nominative	runa	rune
genitive	rune	runa
dative	runi	runama
accusative	runu	rune
vocative	runo	rune
locative	runi	runama
instrumental	runom	runama

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

runa (Cyrillic spelling руна)

1. genitive singular of runo

References

• “runa” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Slovak

Etymology

Derived from Old Norse rún, rúnar (“secret, rune”), from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈruna]
• Hyphenation: ru‧na

Noun

runa f (genitive singular runy, nominative plural runy, genitive plural rún, declension pattern of žena)

1. rune

Declension

Declension of runa

	singular	plural
nominative	runa	runy
genitive	runy	rún
dative	rune	runám
accusative	runu	runy
locative	rune	runách
instrumental	runou	runami

Derived terms

• runový

References

• “runa”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruna/ [ˈru.na]
• Rhymes: -una
• Syllabification: ru‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Old Norse rún, rúnar (“secret, rune”), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Noun

runa f (plural runas)

1. rune

Derived terms

• rúnico
• runo

 

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Quechua runa (“man”).

Noun

runa m (plural runas)

1. (colloquial, in Quechua communities) man

Etymology 3

Adjective

runa

1. feminine singular of runo

Further reading

• “runa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swedish

Elder Futhark

Comparison of some post-Reformation runic alphabets from Norway and Sweden

Etymology

From Old Swedish run, from Old Norse rún, from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Noun

runa c

1. a rune ((representation of a) letter of the runic alphabet)
2. (often in compounds) an obituary (brief biography of a recently deceased person, usually written by a journalist and published in a newspaper)
3. a rune (Finnic epic poem)

Declension

Declension of runa
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	runa	runan	runor	runorna
Genitive	runas	runans	runors	runornas

Derived terms

• dalruna
• dödsruna
• hälsingeruna
• minnesruna
• runalfabet
• runinskrift
• runkalender
• runologi
• runrad
• runristare
• runstav
• runsten

 

References

• runa in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• runa in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• runa in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams

• uran, urna