refringir

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin refringere, with normal change of conjugation to -ir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [rə.fɾiɲˈʒi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencian) [re.fɾiɲˈd͡ʒiɾ]

Verb

refringir (first-person singular present refringeixo, first-person singular preterite refringí, past participle refringit)

1. to refract

   Synonym: refractar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of refringir (third conjugation, with -eix-)

infinitive			refringir
gerund			refringint
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		refringit		refringida
		plural		refringits		refringides
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	refringeixo	refringeixes	refringeix	refringim	refringiu	refringeixen
	imperfect	refringia	refringies	refringia	refringíem	refringíeu	refringien
	future	refringiré	refringiràs	refringirà	refringirem	refringireu	refringiran
	preterite	refringí	refringires	refringí	refringírem	refringíreu	refringiren
	conditional	refringiria	refringiries	refringiria	refringiríem	refringiríeu	refringirien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	refringeixi	refringeixis	refringeixi	refringim	refringiu	refringeixin
	imperfect	refringís	refringissis	refringís	refringíssim	refringíssiu	refringissin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	refringeix	refringeixi	refringim	refringiu	refringeixin
	negative (no)	—	no refringeixis	no refringeixi	no refringim	no refringiu	no refringeixin

Further reading

• “refringir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin refringere. Cognate with English refringe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /refɾinˈxiɾ/ [re.fɾĩŋˈxiɾ]
• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: re‧frin‧gir

Verb

refringir (first-person singular present refrinjo, first-person singular preterite refringí, past participle refringido)

1. (transitive, physics, archaic) to refringe, to refract

   Synonym: refractar

   La luz refringida de las paredes.

   The light refringed off the walls.

   • 1781, Benito Bails, Elementos de Matemática, page 457:

     Supongamos que el rayo violaceo contenido en el rayo heterogeneo FD […] sea refringido en la direccion DK; […]

     Suppose that the violet ray contained in the heterogeneous ray FD […] is refringed in the direction DK; […]

   • 1849, Pedro Mata y Fontanet, Sinopsis Filosófica de la Química, page 454:

     Solo son refrangibles, ó solo refringen la luz, los cuerpos simples gaseosos y cristalinos de cristalizacion regular y de poco peso específico; los opacos no refringen la luz.

     Only simple gaseous and crystalline bodies with regular crystallization and little specific weight are refractible, or only refringe light; the opaque ones do not refringe the light.

   • 1911, Juan Chiabra, Luis José Chorroarín, Elías del Carmen, La Enseñanza de la Filosofía en la Época Colonial, page 320:

     […] en la segunda, pues, se refringen cuando se hacen divergentes, es decir, se dispersan y se extienden; pero, estas retracciones se oponen diametralmente; luego, etc.

     […] in the second, then, they refringe when they become divergent, that is, they disperse and extend; but, these retractions are diametrically opposed; then, etc.

2. (transitive, figuratively, archaic) to reflect, to mirror, to show
   • 1894, José Carvajal Hué, Los Anarquistas en Madrid, Madrid, Spain, page 7:

     Su conciencia refringe el bien de distinta manera que le refringe la mía; pero estí refracción produce el único lazo que hay entre ellos y yo: la misma intransigencia.

     Their conscience refringes the good in a different way than mine refringes; but this refraction produces the only bond that there is between them and me: the same intransigence.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of refringir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			refringir
gerund			refringiendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		refringido		refringida
		plural		refringidos		refringidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	refrinjo	refringestú refringísvos	refringe	refringimos	refringís	refringen
	imperfect	refringía	refringías	refringía	refringíamos	refringíais	refringían
	preterite	refringí	refringiste	refringió	refringimos	refringisteis	refringieron
	future	refringiré	refringirás	refringirá	refringiremos	refringiréis	refringirán
	conditional	refringiría	refringirías	refringiría	refringiríamos	refringiríais	refringirían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	refrinja	refrinjastú refrinjásvos2	refrinja	refrinjamos	refrinjáis	refrinjan
	imperfect (ra)	refringiera	refringieras	refringiera	refringiéramos	refringierais	refringieran
	imperfect (se)	refringiese	refringieses	refringiese	refringiésemos	refringieseis	refringiesen
	future1	refringiere	refringieres	refringiere	refringiéremos	refringiereis	refringieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		refringetú refringívos	refrinja	refrinjamos	refringid	refrinjan
	negative		no refrinjas	no refrinja	no refrinjamos	no refrinjáis	no refrinjan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of refringir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive refringir
	dative	refringirme	refringirte	refringirle, refringirse	refringirnos	refringiros	refringirles, refringirse
	accusative	refringirme	refringirte	refringirlo, refringirla, refringirse	refringirnos	refringiros	refringirlos, refringirlas, refringirse
with gerund refringiendo
	dative	refringiéndome	refringiéndote	refringiéndole, refringiéndose	refringiéndonos	refringiéndoos	refringiéndoles, refringiéndose
	accusative	refringiéndome	refringiéndote	refringiéndolo, refringiéndola, refringiéndose	refringiéndonos	refringiéndoos	refringiéndolos, refringiéndolas, refringiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative refringe
	dative	refríngeme	refríngete	refríngele	refríngenos	not used	refríngeles
	accusative	refríngeme	refríngete	refríngelo, refríngela	refríngenos	not used	refríngelos, refríngelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative refringí
	dative	refringime	refringite	refringile	refringinos	not used	refringiles
	accusative	refringime	refringite	refringilo, refringila	refringinos	not used	refringilos, refringilas
with formal second-person singular imperative refrinja
	dative	refrínjame	not used	refrínjale, refrínjase	refrínjanos	not used	refrínjales
	accusative	refrínjame	not used	refrínjalo, refrínjala, refrínjase	refrínjanos	not used	refrínjalos, refrínjalas
with first-person plural imperative refrinjamos
	dative	not used	refrinjámoste	refrinjámosle	refrinjámonos	refrinjámoos	refrinjámosles
	accusative	not used	refrinjámoste	refrinjámoslo, refrinjámosla	refrinjámonos	refrinjámoos	refrinjámoslos, refrinjámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative refringid
	dative	refringidme	not used	refringidle	refringidnos	refringíos	refringidles
	accusative	refringidme	not used	refringidlo, refringidla	refringidnos	refringíos	refringidlos, refringidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative refrinjan
	dative	refrínjanme	not used	refrínjanle	refrínjannos	not used	refrínjanles, refrínjanse
	accusative	refrínjanme	not used	refrínjanlo, refrínjanla	refrínjannos	not used	refrínjanlos, refrínjanlas, refrínjanse

Further reading

“refringir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014