jo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "jo"

EnglishEdit

 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Scots jo (“joy”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

jo (plural jos)

  1. (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
    • 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
      On Old long syne my Jo,
      on Old long syne,
      That thou canst never once reflect,
      on Old long syne.
    • My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)
      Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
      There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
      My jo, Janet.

AnagramsEdit

AlbanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Albanian *nio (“not, no”), from Proto-Indo-European *nĕ, *nē (“negative particle”). Compare Latin ne, Welsh neu, Old English na, Lithuanian ne (“not”).

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /jɔ/
  • Audio
    		(file)

DeterminerEdit

jo

  1. negates non-verbal phrases: no, not

SynonymsEdit

See alsoEdit

BasqueEdit

VerbEdit

jo (present participle jotzen, future participle joko, infinitive jo, verbal noun jotze)

  1. to hit, strike, punch
  2. (music) to play
    Gitarra jo nahi dut. ― I want to play the guitar.
  3. to knock, rap
    Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. ― An ugly man knocked on the door.
  4. to crash
  5. to head, go
  6. to blow (the wind)
    Synonym: ibili

Further readingEdit

  • “jo” in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia, euskaltzaindia.eus
  • “jo” in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia, euskaltzaindia.eus

BavarianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes

CatalanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

jo (strong)

  1. I
  2. (after certain prepositions) me

DeclensionEdit

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
singular proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
1st person jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
1st person majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
2nd person formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person masculine ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person feminine ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
3rd person neuter ho -ho li -li seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person masculine ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person feminine elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural.
2) Behaves grammatically as third person. 		3) Only as object of a preposition.
4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

SynonymsEdit

  • mi (after most prepositions)

NounEdit

jo m (uncountable)

  1. ego (the self)
    Synonym: ego

Further readingEdit

CzechEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare Polish jo.

PronunciationEdit

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yeah, yep

SynonymsEdit

AntonymsEdit

Further readingEdit

DalmatianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. where

DanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): [jo] (unstressed in context)

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
    • 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN
      Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
      I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
    • 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN, page 479
      Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
      After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
    • 2016, Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN
      Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
      I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

ConjunctionEdit

jo

  1. the
    Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
    The more I run, the more tired I become.
Usage notesEdit

jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
    Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!
    You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!
    Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!
    I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!

Usage notesEdit

Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").

ReferencesEdit

DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English yo.

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. hi
    Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!
  2. bye
    Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!
  3. you too
    Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!

EsperantoEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

See alsoEdit

FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *jo, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”). Cognates include Estonian ju, Votic jo, Veps jo, Ingrian jo, Karelian jo. (EES)

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
  • Rhymes: -o
  • Syllabification: jo

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already (prior to some time; so soon)
    Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
    I already finished the book.
  2. now, already (emphasizing word)
    (impatiently) Tule jo!
    Come now!

Derived termsEdit

FriulianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. I

See alsoEdit

Friulian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person jo nô
2nd person familiar tu vô
polite lui, jê lôr
3rd person m lui, lôr
f jê lôr

GermanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates.

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial, dialectal) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

Etymology 2Edit

From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo.

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.

IngrianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *jo, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju. Cognates include Finnish jo and Estonian ju.

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already
    • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
      Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
      Kiko and Miko are already swimming.

ReferencesEdit

  • Vitalij Chernyavskij (2005) Ižoran keel (Ittseopastaja)‎[1], page 107

ItalianEdit

PronounEdit

jo

  1. Obsolete form of io.

JapaneseEdit

RomanizationEdit

jo

  1. Rōmaji transcription of じょ
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ジョ
  3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢょ
  4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂョ

KarelianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already

KashubianEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. yes

KonabéréEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

jo

  1. water

Alternative formsEdit

Further readingEdit

LashiEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

jo

  1. to be
  2. to exist

ReferencesEdit

  • Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎[2], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

LatvianEdit

PronunciationEdit

  This entry needs audio files. If you have a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

ConjunctionEdit

jo

  1. because
  2. for

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. the... the...
    jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk ― the more money the better

LithuanianEdit

PronunciationEdit

DeterminerEdit

jo

  1. his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)

PronounEdit

jo m

  1. (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes

LivonianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

PronunciationEdit

PrepositionEdit

jo

  1. more; used with adjectives to form comparatives

Etymology 2Edit

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

PronunciationEdit

PrepositionEdit

jo

  1. yet, already, after all
    • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
      mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
      bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
      amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
      not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")

Usage notesEdit

  • LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
  • LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.

Lower SorbianEdit

PronunciationEdit

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)

VerbEdit

jo

  1. third-person singular present of byś

PronounEdit

jo

  1. accusative of wóno

Alternative formsEdit

  • njo (after preposition)

Further readingEdit

  • jo in Ernst Muka/Mucke (St. Petersburg and Prague 1911–28): Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow / Wörterbuch der nieder-wendischen Sprache und ihrer Dialekte. Reprinted 2008, Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.
  • jo in Manfred Starosta (1999): Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.

LuxembourgishEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes

See alsoEdit

VerbEdit

jo

  1. second-person singular imperative of joen

North FrisianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare with West Frisian hja.

Alternative formsEdit

  • djo (Helgoland)
  • ja (Sylt and Mooring)

PronounEdit

jo

  1. they

Northern SamiEdit

EtymologyEdit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

PronunciationEdit

  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already
  2. now

Further readingEdit

  • Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002-2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎[3], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Norwegian BokmålEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse jaur.

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
    Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.
    You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
  2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
    Vil du være med? - Jo...
    Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...
Usage notesEdit

Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

Related termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

 
Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

From Old Norse gjóðr

NounEdit

jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joer, definite plural joene)

  1. a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian NynorskEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse jaur.

Alternative formsEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
  2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
Usage notesEdit

As for Bokmål above.

Related termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

 
Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

From Old Norse gjóðr

NounEdit

jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)

  1. a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

OccitanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. (Gascony) I

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Occitan (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

NounEdit

jo m

  1. yoke

Old FrenchEdit

PronounEdit

jo

  1. Alternative form of je

Old FrisianEdit

PronounEdit

jō

  1. Alternative form of jū, accusative/dative of jī

InflectionEdit

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
nominative ik thū hī hiū, hiō hit wī jī hiā
accusative mī thī hine hiā hit ūs jū, jō hiā
dative mī thī him hire, hiāre him ūs jū, jō him, hirem, hiārem
genitive mīn thīn sīn hire, hiāre sīn ūser jūwer hira, hiāra

PlautdietschEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes

PolishEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. (dialectal) Alternative form of ja (“I”)

Etymology 2Edit

From German jo.

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. (dialectal) yeah, yep
    Synonyms: tak, ano, no, hej
    Antonym: nie

Saterland FrisianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Frisian hiā. Cognates include West Frisian hja and North Frisian jo.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

jo (oblique hier)

  1. they

See alsoEdit

Saterland Frisian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
stressed iek du hie ju dät wie jie jo
unstressed er ze et ze
objective mie die him hier dät uus jou hier

ReferencesEdit

  • “jo” in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch

SilesianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. I

SpanishEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

InterjectionEdit

¡jo!

  1. stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)

Derived termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Euphemistic clipping of joder.

InterjectionEdit

¡jo!

  1. (euphemistic) Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion.
    ¡Jo!
    I never heard anything like that before.
    ¡Jo!
    Are you serious?
    ¡Jo!
    Boy!

Further readingEdit

SwahiliEdit

EtymologyEdit

Possibly from English yo.

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. (Sheng) added for emphasis to the end of a sentence
    Manze jo! ― Oh man!

SwedishEdit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.
    Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.
    You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.

Usage notesEdit

Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.

AnagramsEdit

VepsEdit

EtymologyEdit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Related to Finnish jo.

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already

ReferencesEdit

  • Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007) , “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

West FrisianEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. you (second person singular nominative formal pronoun)
Usage notesEdit

Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.

InflectionEdit
West Frisian personal pronouns
Number Person Nominative Objective Possessive
Normal Reflexive Determiner Pronoun
Singular First ik my mysels myn mines
Second Informal do/dû1 dy dysels dyn dines
Formal jo jo josels jo jowes
Third Masculine hy him himsels syn sines
Feminine sy/hja1 har harsels har harres
Neuter it it himsels syn sines
Plural First wy ús ússels ús uzes
Second jim(me) jim(me) jimsels/jinsels jim(me) jimmes
Third sy/hja1 har(ren) harsels har(ren) harres
1. Now mostly archaic and unused

Further readingEdit

  • “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 2Edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

DeterminerEdit

jo

  1. your (second-person singular formal possessive determiner)
Further readingEdit
  • “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
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