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jo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "jo"

Contents

EnglishEdit

 
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EtymologyEdit

From Scots jo (“joy”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

jo (plural jos)

  1. (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
    • 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
      On Old long syne my Jo,
      on Old long syne,
      That thou canst never once reflect,
      on Old long syne.

AnagramsEdit

AlbanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Albanian *nio (“not, no”), from Proto-Indo-European *nĕ, *nē (“negative particle”). Compare Latin ne, Welsh neu, Old English na, Lithuanian ne (“not”).

PronunciationEdit

DeterminerEdit

jo

  1. no, not
Related termsEdit

BasqueEdit

VerbEdit

jo

  1. to hit, strike, punch
  2. (music) to play
    Gitarra jo nahi dut. - I want to play the guitar.
  3. to knock, rap
    Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. - An ugly man knocked on the door.
  4. to crash
  5. to head, go
  6. (wind) to blow

ConjugationEdit

  jo ― Non-finite forms
perfect stem jo
imperfect stem jotzen
future stem joko
short stem jo
verbal noun jotze

SynonymsEdit

BavarianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes

CatalanEdit

PronunciationEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Provençal eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit aham, all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo (strong)

  1. I
  2. (after certain prepositions) me

SynonymsEdit

  • mi (after most prepositions)

DeclensionEdit

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
singular proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
1st person jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
1st person majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
2nd person formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person masculine ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person feminine ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
3rd person neuter ho -ho li -li seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person masculine ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person feminine elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural.
2) Behaves grammatically as third person.		 3) Only as object of a preposition.
4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

CzechEdit

PronunciationEdit

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yeah, yep

SynonymsEdit

AntonymsEdit

DalmatianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. where

DanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): [jo] (unstressed in context)

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
    • 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S (ISBN 9788702102864)
      Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
      I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
    • 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S (ISBN 9788702078770), page 479
      Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
      After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
    • 2016, Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S (ISBN 9788702173956)
      Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
      I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

ConjunctionEdit

jo

  1. the
    Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
    The more I run, the more tired I become.
Usage notesEdit

jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. used to negate a question phrased negatively; contrast with ja

Usage notesEdit

Questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") might be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming.

ReferencesEdit

DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English yo.

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. hi
    Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!
  2. bye
    Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!
  3. you too
    Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!

EsperantoEdit

NounEdit

jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

See alsoEdit

FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Cognate with Estonian juba. According to EES ultimately a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”).

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ˈjo/
  • Rhymes: -o
  • Hyphenation: jo

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already
    Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
    I already finished the book.
  2. now (emphasizing word)
    (impatiently) Tule jo!
    Come now!

See alsoEdit

FriulianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit aham, all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. I

See alsoEdit

Friulian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person jo nô
2nd person familiar tu vô
polite lui, jê lôr
3rd person m lui, lôr
f jê lôr

GermanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates.

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

Etymology 2Edit

From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the middle ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo.

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.

ItalianEdit

PronounEdit

jo

  1. Obsolete form of io.

JapaneseEdit

RomanizationEdit

jo

  1. Rōmaji transcription of じょ
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ジョ
  3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢょ
  4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂョ

KashubianEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. yes

KonabéréEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

jo

  1. water

Alternative formsEdit

Further readingEdit

LatvianEdit

PronunciationEdit

  This entry needs audio files. If you have a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

ConjunctionEdit

jo

  1. because
  2. for

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. the... the...
    jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk ― the more money the better

LithuanianEdit

PronunciationEdit

DeterminerEdit

jo

  1. his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)

PronounEdit

jo m

  1. (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes

LivonianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Perhaps a borrowing of Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

PronunciationEdit

PrepositionEdit

jo

  1. more; used with adjectives to form comparatives

Etymology 2Edit

Perhaps a borrowing of Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

PronunciationEdit

PrepositionEdit

jo

  1. yet, already, after all
    • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
      mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
      bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
      amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
      not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")

Usage notesEdit

  • LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
  • LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.

LojbanEdit

CmavoEdit

jo (rafsi jov)

  1. (conjunction) if and only if. Joins two predicate words in a complex predicate.

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

Lower SorbianEdit

PronunciationEdit

ParticleEdit

jo

  1. yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)

VerbEdit

jo

  1. third-person singular present of byś

PronounEdit

jo

  1. accusative of wóno

Alternative formsEdit

  • njo (after preposition)

LuxembourgishEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes

See alsoEdit

VerbEdit

jo

  1. second-person singular imperative of joen

Northern SamiEdit

EtymologyEdit

  This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already
  2. now

NorwegianEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
    Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, (det har jeg)
    You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have
  2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
    Vil du være med? - Jo...
    Do you want to join? - I'm not sure

Usage notesEdit

ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

Related termsEdit

OccitanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Provençal eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. (Gascony) I

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Provençal (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

NounEdit

jo m

  1. yoke

Old FrenchEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. I

Old FrisianEdit

PronounEdit

jō

  1. Alternative form of jū, accusative and dative form of jī

DeclensionEdit

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
nominative ik thū hī hiū, hiō hit wī jī hiā
accusative mī thī hine hiā hit ūs jū, jō hiā
dative mī thī him hire, hiāre him ūs jū, jō him, hirem, hiārem
genitive mīn thīn sīn hire, hiāre sīn ūser jūwer hira, hiāra

PlautdietschEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. yes

SpanishEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

InterjectionEdit

¡Jo!

  1. stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)

Etymology 2Edit

Euphemism of joder.

InterjectionEdit

¡Jo!

  1. Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion.
    ¡Jo!
    I never heard anything like that before.
    ¡Jo!
    Are you serious?
    ¡Jo!
    Boy!

Further readingEdit

SwedishEdit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

  1. yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement.
    Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.
    "You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have."

Usage notesEdit

Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

In northern Sweden it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.

AnagramsEdit

VepsEdit

EtymologyEdit

  This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.

Related to Finnish jo.

AdverbEdit

jo

  1. already

ReferencesEdit

  • Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

West FrisianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Compare English you, Dutch jou, u, Low German jo, ju, German euch.

PronounEdit

jo

  1. you (polite)
  2. your (polite)

Usage notesEdit

Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.

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