jo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "jo"

EnglishEdit

English Wikipedia has an article on:

jo

Wikipedia

EtymologyEdit

From Scots jo (“joy”).

PronunciationEdit

(Scotland) IPA^(key): /dʒoː/

NounEdit

jo (plural jos)

(Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
  On Old long syne my Jo,
  on Old long syne,
  That thou canst never once reflect,
  on Old long syne.
- My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)
  Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
  There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
  My jo, Janet.

AnagramsEdit

OJ

AlbanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Albanian *nio (“not, no”), from Proto-Indo-European *nĕ, *nē (“negative particle”). Compare Latin ne, Welsh neu, Old English na, Lithuanian ne (“not”).

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jɔ/
Audio
(file)

DeterminerEdit

jo

no, not

Related termsEdit

nuk

BasqueEdit

BavarianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

yes

CatalanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronunciationEdit

(Central) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɔ/
(Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, /ˈjɔ/
Rhymes: -o, -ɔ

PronounEdit

jo (strong)

I
(after certain prepositions) me

DeclensionEdit

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi³	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic¹	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal¹	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal²	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’⁴	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal²	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
¹⁾ Behaves grammatically as plural. ²⁾ Behaves grammatically as third person.			³⁾ Only as object of a preposition. ⁴⁾ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

SynonymsEdit

mi (after most prepositions)

NounEdit

jo m (uncountable)

ego (the self)
Synonym: ego

CzechEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare Polish jo.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): [ˈjo]
Audio
(file)

ParticleEdit

jo

(colloquial) yeah, yep

SynonymsEdit

ano

AntonymsEdit

ne

DalmatianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jo/

AdverbEdit

jo

where

DanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): [jo] (unstressed in context)

AdverbEdit

jo

as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
- 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S ISBN 9788702102864
  Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
  I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
- 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S ISBN 9788702078770, page 479
  Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
  After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
- 2016, Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S ISBN 9788702173956
  Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
  I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

ConjunctionEdit

jo

the
Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
The more I run, the more tired I become.

Usage notesEdit

jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): [ˈjɔʊ̯ˀ]

InterjectionEdit

jo

yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!
You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!

Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!
I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!

Usage notesEdit

Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").

ReferencesEdit

“jo” in Den Danske Ordbog

DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English yo.

InterjectionEdit

jo

hi
Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!
bye
Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!
you too
Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!

EsperantoEdit

PronunciationEdit

Audio
(file)

NounEdit

jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)

The name of the Latin-script letter J.

FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *jo, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”). Cognates include Estonian ju, Votic jo, Veps jo, Ingrian jo, Karelian jo. (EES)

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
Rhymes: -o
Hyphenation: jo

AdverbEdit

jo

already
Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
I already finished the book.
now (emphasizing word)
(impatiently) Tule jo!
Come now!

Derived termsEdit

FriulianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo

I

GermanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

joa, jö

Etymology 1Edit

Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jɔː/

InterjectionEdit

jo

(colloquial, dialectal) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

Etymology 2Edit

From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /joː/

InterjectionEdit

jo

(colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.

IngrianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

already

ItalianEdit

PronounEdit

jo

Obsolete form of io.

JapaneseEdit

RomanizationEdit

jo

Rōmaji transcription of じょ
Rōmaji transcription of ジョ
Rōmaji transcription of ぢょ
Rōmaji transcription of ヂョ

KarelianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

already

KashubianEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

yes

KonabéréEdit

PronunciationEdit

(Kouka) IPA^(key): /ɟō/
(Tansilla Toma) IPA^(key): /ɟû/

NounEdit

jo

water

Alternative formsEdit

zo

LashiEdit

NounEdit

jo

field
farm

ReferencesEdit

https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Luk_Hkaw_Thesis2017.pdf

LatvianEdit

PronunciationEdit

This entry needs audio files. If you have a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

ConjunctionEdit

jo

because
for

ParticleEdit

jo

the... the...
jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk ― the more money the better

LithuanianEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): [jo]

DeterminerEdit

jo

his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)

PronounEdit

jo m

(third-person singular) genitive form of jis.

ParticleEdit

jo

(colloquial) yes

LivonianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

juo

Etymology 1Edit

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jo/

PrepositionEdit

jo

more; used with adjectives to form comparatives
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
  pitkā, jo pitkā
  long, longer

Etymology 2Edit

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jo/

PrepositionEdit

jo

yet, already, after all
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
  mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
  bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
  
  amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
  not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")

Usage notesEdit

LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.

Lower SorbianEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): [jɔ]

ParticleEdit

jo

yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)

VerbEdit

jo

third-person singular present of byś

PronounEdit

jo

accusative of wóno

Alternative formsEdit

njo (after preposition)

LuxembourgishEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jo/, [joː]
Rhymes: -oː
Homophone: Jo

AdverbEdit

jo

yes

VerbEdit

jo

second-person singular imperative of joen

North FrisianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare with West Frisian hja.

Alternative formsEdit

djo (Helgoland)
ja (Sylt and Mooring)

PronounEdit

jo

they

Northern SamiEdit

EtymologyEdit

This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.

PronunciationEdit

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

AdverbEdit

jo

already
now

Norwegian BokmålEdit

PronunciationEdit

Audio
(file)

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse jaur.

AdverbEdit

jo

yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.
You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
Vil du være med? - Jo...
Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...

Usage notesEdit

Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

Related termsEdit

jojo
joda

Etymology 2Edit

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:

joer

Wikipedia ^no

From Old Norse gjóðr

NounEdit

jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joer, definite plural joene)

a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.

Derived termsEdit

storjo

ReferencesEdit

“jo” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
“jo_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
“jo_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian NynorskEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse jaur.

Alternative formsEdit

jau

AdverbEdit

jo

yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)

Usage notesEdit

As for Bokmål above.

Related termsEdit

jojo

Etymology 2Edit

Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:

jofamilien

Wikipedia ⁿⁿ

From Old Norse gjóðr

NounEdit

jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)

a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.

Derived termsEdit

storjo

ReferencesEdit

“jo” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

OccitanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

ieu

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /ʒu/, /ju/

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.

PronounEdit

jo

(Gascony) I

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Occitan (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

NounEdit

jo m

yoke

Old FrenchEdit

PronounEdit

jo

Alternative form of je

Old FrisianEdit

PronounEdit

jō

Alternative form of jū, accusative/dative of jī

InflectionEdit

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
nominative	ik	thū	hī	hiū, hiō	hit	wī	jī	hiā
accusative	mī	thī	hine	hiā	hit	ūs	jū, jō	hiā
dative	mī	thī	him	hire, hiāre	him	ūs	jū, jō	him, hirem, hiārem
genitive	mīn	thīn	sīn	hire, hiāre	sīn	ūser	jūwer	hira, hiāra

PlautdietschEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

yes

PolishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare Czech jo.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /jɔ/

ParticleEdit

jo

(dialectal) yeah, yep

AntonymsEdit

nie

SpanishEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /xo/

Etymology 1Edit

InterjectionEdit

¡jo!

stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)

Etymology 2Edit

Euphemistic clipping of joder.

InterjectionEdit

¡jo!

Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion.
¡Jo!
I never heard anything like that before.

¡Jo!
Are you serious?

¡Jo!
Boy!

SwahiliEdit

EtymologyEdit

Possibly from English yo.

InterjectionEdit

jo

(Sheng) added for emphasis to the end of a sentence
Manze jo! ― Oh man!

SwedishEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /juː/

InterjectionEdit

jo

yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.
Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.

"You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have."

Usage notesEdit

Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.

AnagramsEdit

oj

VepsEdit

EtymologyEdit

This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.

Related to Finnish jo.

AdverbEdit

jo

already

ReferencesEdit

Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

West FrisianEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /joː/
(unstressed) IPA^(key): /jə/

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

PronounEdit

jo

you (second person singular nominative formal pronoun)

Usage notesEdit

Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.

InflectionEdit

West Frisian personal pronouns

Number	Person		Nominative	Objective		Possessive
Number	Person		Nominative	Normal	Reflexive	Determiner	Pronoun
Singular	First		ik	my	mysels	myn	mines
	Second	Informal	do/dû¹	dy	dysels	dyn	dines
	Second	Formal	jo	jo	josels	jo	jowes
	Third	Masculine	hy	him	himsels	syn	sines
		Feminine	sy/hja¹	har	harsels	har	harres
		Neuter	it	it	himsels	syn	sines
Plural	First		wy	ús	ússels	ús	uzes
	Second		jim(me)	jim(me)	jimsels/jinsels	jim(me)	jimmes
	Third		sy/hja¹	har(ren)	harsels	har(ren)	harres
^1. Now mostly archaic and unused

Etymology 2Edit

This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.

DeterminerEdit

jo

your (second-person singular formal possessive determiner)

perfect stem	jo
imperfect stem	jotzen
future stem	joko
short stem	jo
verbal noun	jotze

		singular	plural
1st person		jo	nô
2nd person	familiar	tu	vô
2nd person	polite	lui, jê	lôr
3rd person	m	lui,	lôr
3rd person	f	jê	lôr

jo

Contents

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

AnagramsEdit

AlbanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

DeterminerEdit

Related termsEdit

BasqueEdit

VerbEdit

ConjugationEdit

SynonymsEdit

BavarianEdit

AdverbEdit

CatalanEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

DeclensionEdit

SynonymsEdit

NounEdit

Further readingEdit

CzechEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

ParticleEdit

SynonymsEdit

AntonymsEdit

DalmatianEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

DanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

ConjunctionEdit

Usage notesEdit

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

Usage notesEdit

ReferencesEdit

DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

InterjectionEdit

EsperantoEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

See alsoEdit

FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

Derived termsEdit

FriulianEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronounEdit

See alsoEdit

GermanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

IngrianEdit

AdverbEdit

ItalianEdit

PronounEdit

JapaneseEdit

RomanizationEdit

KarelianEdit

AdverbEdit

KashubianEdit