jo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "jo"

Contents

EnglishEdit

Wikipedia

EtymologyEdit

From Scots jo ‎(“joy”).

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /dʒəʊ/

NounEdit

jo ‎(plural jos)

1. (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
   • 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:

     On Old long syne my Jo,
     on Old long syne,
     That thou canst never once reflect,
     on Old long syne.

AnagramsEdit

• OJ

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AlbanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Albanian *nio ‎(“not, no”), from Proto-Indo-European *nĕ, *nē ‎(“negative particle”). Compare Latin ne, Welsh neu, Old English na, Lithuanian ne ‎(“not”).

PronunciationEdit

• Audio

  (file)

DeterminerEdit

jo

1. no, not

Related termsEdit

• nuk

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BasqueEdit

VerbEdit

jo

1. to hit, strike, punch
2. (music) to play

   Gitarra jo nahi dut. - I want to play the guitar.

3. to knock, rap

   Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. - An ugly man knocked on the door.

4. to crash
5. to head, go
6. (wind) to blow

ConjugationEdit

  jo ― Non-finite forms

perfect stem	jo
imperfect stem	jotzen
future stem	joko
short stem	jo
verbal noun	jotze

SynonymsEdit

• (to blow): ibili

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BavarianEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

1. yes

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CatalanEdit

PronunciationEdit

• (Central) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɔ/
• (Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, /ˈjɔ/
• Rhymes: -o, -ɔ

EtymologyEdit

From Old Provençal eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ ‎(egó), Sanskrit aham, all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo ‎(strong)

1. I
2. (after certain prepositions) me

SynonymsEdit

• mi (after most prepositions)

DeclensionEdit

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi3	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic1	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal1	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal2	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal2	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person.			3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

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CzechEdit

PronunciationEdit

• Audio

  (file)

ParticleEdit

jo

1. (colloquial) yeah, yep

SynonymsEdit

• ano

AntonymsEdit

• ne

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DalmatianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /jo/

AdverbEdit

jo

1. where

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DanishEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

1. as you know or should know; sometimes translatable as after all or obviously
   • 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S (ISBN 9788702102864)

     Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.

     I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.

   • 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S (ISBN 9788702078770), page 479

     Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr

     After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.

   • 2016, Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S (ISBN 9788702173956)

     Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?

     I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

ConjunctionEdit

jo

1. the

   Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.

   The more I run, the more tired I become.

Usage notesEdit

jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.

PronunciationEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

1. used to negate a question phrased negatively; contrast with ja

Usage notesEdit

Questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke. ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming.") might be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming.

ReferencesEdit

“jo” in Den Danske Ordbog

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DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English yo.

InterjectionEdit

jo

1. hi

   Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!

2. bye

   Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!

3. you too

   Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!

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EsperantoEdit

NounEdit

jo ‎(accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

See alsoEdit

• (Latin script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo ^{(Category: eo:Latin letter names)}

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FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Cognate with Estonian juba. According to EES ultimately a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 ‎(ju, “already”), Old High German ju ‎(“already”).

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /ˈjo/
• Rhymes: -o
• Hyphenation: jo

AdverbEdit

jo

1. already

   Luin kirjan jo loppuun.‎

   I already finished the book.

2. now (emphasizing word)

   (impatiently) Tule jo!

   Come now!

See alsoEdit

• jopa

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FriulianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ ‎(egó), Sanskrit aham, all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

PronounEdit

jo

1. I

See alsoEdit

Friulian personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person		jo	nô
2nd person	familiar	tu	vô
	polite	lui, jê	lôr
3rd person	m	lui,	lôr
	f	jê	lôr

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GermanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

• joa

EtymologyEdit

Alteration of ja ‎(“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /jɔː/, /jɔːr/

InterjectionEdit

jo

1. (colloquial) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

Etymology 2Edit

From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja ‎(“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the middle ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /joː/

InterjectionEdit

jo

1. (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.

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ItalianEdit

PronounEdit

jo

1. Obsolete form of io.

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JapaneseEdit

RomanizationEdit

jo

1. rōmaji reading of じょ
2. rōmaji reading of ジョ
3. rōmaji reading of ぢょ
4. rōmaji reading of ヂョ

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KashubianEdit

InterjectionEdit

jo

1. yes

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LatvianEdit

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

jo

1. because
2. for

ParticleEdit

jo

1. the... the...

   jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk‎ ― the more money the better

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LithuanianEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): [jo]

DeterminerEdit

jo

1. his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)

PronounEdit

jo m

1. (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.

ParticleEdit

jo

1. (colloquial) yes

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LivonianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

• juo

Etymology 1Edit

Perhaps a borrowing of Latvian jo ‎(“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /jo/

PrepositionEdit

jo

1. more; used with adjectives to form comparatives
   • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

     pitkā, jo pitkā

     long, longer

Etymology 2Edit

Perhaps a borrowing of Latvian jau ‎(“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo ‎(“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /jo/

PrepositionEdit

jo

1. yet, already, after all
   • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

     mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ

     bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")

     amād jo ītist äb peļļõt

     not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")

Usage notesEdit

• LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
• LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā ‎(“already”), cf. Estonian juba.

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LojbanEdit

CmavoEdit

jo ‎(rafsi jov)

1. (conjunction) if and only if. Joins two predicate words in a complex predicate.

Derived termsEdit

• .ijo
• jonai

Related termsEdit

• .o
• gi'o
• go
• gu'o

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Lower SorbianEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): [jɔ]

ParticleEdit

jo

1. yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)

VerbEdit

jo

1. third-person singular present of byś

PronounEdit

jo

1. accusative of wóno

Alternative formsEdit

• njo (after preposition)

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LuxembourgishEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /joː/
• Rhymes: -oː
• Homophone: Jo

AdverbEdit

jo

1. yes

See alsoEdit

• dach

VerbEdit

jo

1. second-person singular imperative of joen

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Northern SamiEdit

EtymologyEdit

AdverbEdit

jo

1. already
2. now

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NorwegianEdit

PronunciationEdit

• Audio

  (file)

AdverbEdit

jo

1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.

   Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, (det har jeg)

   You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have

2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)

   Vil du være med? - Jo...

   Do you want to join? - I'm not sure

Usage notesEdit

ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

Related termsEdit

• jojo

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OccitanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

• ieu

EtymologyEdit

From Old Provençal eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /ʒu/, /ju/

PronounEdit

jo

1. (Gascony) I

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Old FrenchEdit

Alternative formsEdit

• je
• jeo
• jou
• ge

EtymologyEdit

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.

PronounEdit

jo

1. I

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Old FrisianEdit

PronounEdit

jō

1. Alternative form of jū, accusative and dative form of jī

DeclensionEdit

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
nominative	ik	thū	hī	hiū, hiō	hit	wī	jī	hiā
accusative	mī	thī	hine	hiā	hit	ūs	jū, jō	hiā
dative	mī	thī	him	hire, hiāre	him	ūs	jū, jō	him, hirem, hiārem
genitive	mīn	thīn	sīn	hire, hiāre	sīn	ūser	jūwer	hira, hiāra

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SpanishEdit

InterjectionEdit

¡Jo!

1. Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion.

   ¡Jo!

   I never heard anything like that before.

   ¡Jo!

   Are you serious?

   ¡Jo!

   Boy!

2. stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)

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SwedishEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /juː/

InterjectionEdit

jo

1. yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement.

   Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.

   "You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have."

Usage notesEdit

Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

In northern Sweden it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.

AnagramsEdit

• oj

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VepsEdit

EtymologyEdit

Related to Finnish jo.

AdverbEdit

jo

1. already

ReferencesEdit

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

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West FrisianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Compare English you, Dutch jou, u, Low German jo, ju, German euch.

PronounEdit

jo

1. you (polite)
2. your (polite)

Usage notesEdit

Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.