jo
EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Scots jo (“joy”), from Middle English joye, from Old French joie, from Late Latin gaudia, neuter plural (mistaken as feminine singular) of Latin gaudium (“joy”), from gaudēre (“to be glad, rejoice”). Doublet of joy and gaudy (“Oxford college reunion”).
NounEdit
jo (plural jos)
- (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
- On Old long syne my Jo,
on Old long syne,
That thou canst never once reflect,
on Old long syne.
- On Old long syne my Jo,
- My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)
- Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
My jo, Janet.
- Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
Alternative formsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
jo (plural jo)
- The staff used in the Japanese martial art of jodo or jojutsu.
AnagramsEdit
AlbanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
DeterminerEdit
jo
SynonymsEdit
- nouk (Gostivar)
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Mann, S. E. (1957). An English-Albanian Dictionary. University Press. page 179
BasqueEdit
EtymologyEdit
Unknown.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jo ? (present participle jotzen, future participle joko, short form jo, verbal noun jotze)
- to hit, strike, punch
- (music) to play
- Gitarra jo nahi dut. ― I want to play the guitar.
- to knock, rap
- Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. ― An ugly man knocked on the door.
- to crash
- to head, go
- to blow (the wind)
- Synonym: ibili
Further readingEdit
BavarianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with Icelandic jú, Swedish jo. Equivalent to standard High German doch.
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
jo
- yes (in response to a negative question).
- Woids es ned na fuat heid? Jo, owa's wedda is a weng schlecht.
- Wolltet ihr nicht noch heute furt? Doch, aber das Wetter is etwas schlecht.
CatalanEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Old Catalan jo~io~yo, from Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the sixth century), from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Occitan jo, Spanish yo, French je, Italian io.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
jo (strong)
DeclensionEdit
SynonymsEdit
- mi (after most prepositions)
NounEdit
jo m (uncountable)
ReferencesEdit
- “jo” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “jo”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “jo” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “jo” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
CzechEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
jo
- (colloquial) yeah, yep
Further readingEdit
DalmatianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
DanishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
- as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
- 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:
- Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
- I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
- 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN, page 479:
- Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
- After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
- 2016, Anita Krumbach; Dorte Lilmose; Hanne Kvist; Helle Perrier; Iben Mondrup, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:
- Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
- I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?
ConjunctionEdit
jo
- the
- Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
- The more I run, the more tired I become.
- Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
Usage notesEdit
jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
jo
- yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
- Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!
- You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!
- Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!
- I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!
Usage notesEdit
Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").
ReferencesEdit
- “jo” in Den Danske Ordbog
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
InterjectionEdit
jo
EsperantoEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
NounEdit
jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J.
See alsoEdit
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *jo, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”). Cognates include Estonian ju, Votic jo, Veps jo, Ingrian jo, Karelian jo. (EES).
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
- already (prior to some time; so soon)
- Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
- I already finished the book.
- now, already (emphasizing word)
- (impatiently) Tule jo!
- Come now!
- (impatiently) Tule jo!
Derived termsEdit
FriulianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the 6th century), from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
PronounEdit
jo
See alsoEdit
GermanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates. Compare English yo.
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
jo
- (colloquial, dialectal) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.
Etymology 2Edit
From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo, Middle English yo (> English yo).
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
jo
- (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.
Derived termsEdit
IngrianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *jo. Cognates include Finnish jo and Estonian ju.
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
- already
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
- Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
- Kiko and Miko are already swimming.
- Emphasises the sentence.
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 64:
- Jo nyt mahan lukkia.
- Now I can read.
ReferencesEdit
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
ItalianEdit
PronounEdit
jo
JapaneseEdit
RomanizationEdit
jo
KarelianEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
KashubianEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
jo
- yes
- Jo, mògã to zrobic. ― Yes, I can do it.
- Jo, jô jem tam béł. ― Yes, I have been there.
Further readingEdit
KonabéréEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
jo
Alternative formsEdit
Further readingEdit
- Beatrice Tiendrébéogo, Rapport Sociolinguistique sur la Langue Bobo Madaré (SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2007-005: 55), page 44
- Chiara Alfieri, Bernard Taverne, Ethnophysiologie, règles et précautions chez les Bobo Madare et les Mossi
LashiEdit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jo
ReferencesEdit
- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid[1], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
LatvianEdit
PronunciationEdit
ConjunctionEdit
jo
ParticleEdit
jo
LithuanianEdit
PronunciationEdit
DeterminerEdit
jo
- his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)
PronounEdit
jo m
- (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.
ParticleEdit
jo
- (colloquial) yes
LivonianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
jo
- more; used with adjectives to form comparatives
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
- pitkā, jo pitkā
- long, longer
- pitkā, jo pitkā
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Etymology 2Edit
Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
jo
- yet, already, after all
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
- mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
- bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
- amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
- not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")
- mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Usage notesEdit
- LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
- LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.
Lower SorbianEdit
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
jo
- yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)
VerbEdit
jo
PronounEdit
jo
- accusative of wóno
Alternative formsEdit
- njo (after preposition)
Further readingEdit
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “jo”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999), “jo”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
LuxembourgishEdit
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
See alsoEdit
VerbEdit
jo
MaquiritariEdit
PronunciationEdit
PostpositionEdit
jo
- (with following directional suffix -nno) indicates a point of origin
Usage notesEdit
This postposition also infrequently occurs without -nno, in which case it is not clear whether it inflects at all and its meaning is difficult to determine.
ReferencesEdit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, page 277–278
Murui HuitotoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina *ho.
PronunciationEdit
RootEdit
jo
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[3], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 127
North FrisianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
Compare West Frisian hja.
PronounEdit
jo
Northern SamiEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
Further readingEdit
- Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[4], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Norwegian BokmålEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
Etymology 1Edit
AdverbEdit
jo
- yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
- Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.
- You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
- yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
- Vil du være med? - Jo...
- Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...
Usage notesEdit
Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.
Related termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joer, definite plural joene)
- a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
Norwegian NynorskEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Alternative formsEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
- yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
- yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
Usage notesEdit
As for Bokmål above.
Related termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)
- a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “jo” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
OccitanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the 6th century in Romance), from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.
PronounEdit
jo
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Occitan (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
NounEdit
jo m
Old FrenchEdit
PronounEdit
jo
- Alternative form of je
Old FrisianEdit
PronounEdit
jō
- Alternative form of jū, accusative/dative of jī
InflectionEdit
PlautdietschEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
PolishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.
PronounEdit
jo
Etymology 2Edit
ParticleEdit
jo
Further readingEdit
Saterland FrisianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Frisian hiā. Cognates include West Frisian hja and North Frisian jo.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
jo (oblique hier)
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
SilesianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
PronounEdit
jo
SpanishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
InterjectionEdit
¡jo!
- stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Euphemistic clipping of joder (“fuck”).
InterjectionEdit
¡jo!
- (euphemistic) Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion
- ¡Jo! ― I never heard anything like that before. / Are you serious? / Boy!
Further readingEdit
- “jo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
SwahiliEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (Kenya) (file)
InterjectionEdit
jo
SwedishEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
jo
- yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.
- Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.
- You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
Usage notesEdit
- Sometimes used to mean yes more generally, in a similar vein to jodå. See the usage notes for that interjection.
- Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker. In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.
See alsoEdit
AnagramsEdit
VepsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *jo.
AdverbEdit
jo
ReferencesEdit
VoticEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *jo.
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
jo
ParticleEdit
jo
- An emphatic intensifying particle.
ReferencesEdit
- V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “jo”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn
West FrisianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
PronounEdit
jo
- you (second person singular nominative formal pronoun)
Usage notesEdit
Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.
InflectionEdit
Number | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Reflexive | Determiner | Pronoun | ||||
Singular | First | ik | my | mysels | myn | mines | |
Second | Informal | do/dû1 | dy | dysels | dyn | dines | |
Formal | jo | jo | josels | jo | jowes | ||
Third | Masculine | hy | him | himsels | syn | sines | |
Feminine | sy/hja1 | har | harsels | har | harres | ||
Neuter | it | it | himsels | syn | sines | ||
Plural | First | wy | ús | ússels | ús | uzes | |
Second | jim(me) | jim(me) | jimsels/jinsels | jim(me) | jimmes | ||
Third | sy/hja1 | har(ren) | harsels | har(ren) | harres | ||
1. Now mostly archaic and unused |
Further readingEdit
- “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 2Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
DeterminerEdit
jo
- your (second-person singular formal possessive determiner)
Further readingEdit
- “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
YorubaEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *jó, compare with Igala jó
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jó
- (intransitive) to dance
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Possibly from Proto-Yoruboid *jó, cognate with Igala jó
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jó
- (ergative) to burn
- (transitive) to sting; to irritate
Etymology 3Edit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jò
- to drip