sruth

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish sruth (“stream, river, current”), from Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”). Cognate with Welsh ffrwd, Breton froud and maybe the Gaulish hydronym Phroudis.

Pronunciation

• (Munster) IPA^(key): /sˠɾˠɞh/, /sˠɾˠɯh/
• (Connacht, Ulster) IPA^(key): /sˠɾˠʊ(h)/, [ʂ(ɽ)ʊ(h)]

Noun

sruth m (genitive singular srutha or srotha, nominative plural sruthanna or srothanna or srotha)

1. stream

   Synonym: sruthlán

2. current, flow

   Synonyms: sreabhadh, sreabh

3. (electricity) current, mains

Declension

Declension of sruth

Third declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative sruth sruthanna Vocative a shruth a shruthanna Genitive srutha sruthanna Dative sruth sruthanna

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an sruth na sruthanna Genitive an tsrutha na sruthanna Dative leis an sruth don sruth leis na sruthanna

Alternative declensions:

Declension of sruth

Third declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative sruth srothanna Vocative a shruth a shrothanna Genitive srotha srothanna Dative sruth srothanna

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an sruth na srothanna Genitive an tsrotha na srothanna Dative leis an sruth don sruth leis na srothanna

Declension of sruth

Third declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative sruth srotha Vocative a shruth a shrotha Genitive srotha srothann Dative sruth srotha

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an sruth na srotha Genitive an tsrotha na srothann Dative leis an sruth don sruth leis na srotha

Derived terms

• fótashruth
• sruth ailtéarnach
• sruth díreach
• sruthach
• sruthán
• sruthlam m (“turbulence”)

 

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
sruth	shruth after an, tsruth	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sruth”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “sruth”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “sruth”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”). Cognate with Welsh ffrwd and maybe the Gaulish hydronym Phroudis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sruθ/

Noun

sruth n or m (genitive srotho, nominative plural srotha)

1. stream, river, current
2. strait, stream, current (of sea)
3. foray, sortie, attack

Inflection

Masculine u-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sruth	sruthL	srothae
Vocative	sruth	sruthL	srothu
Accusative	sruthN	sruthL	srothu
Genitive	srothoH, srothaH	srotho, srotha	srothaeN
Dative	sruthL	srothaib	srothaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• sruthach, srothach
• sruthán, srothán

Descendants

• Irish: sruth
• Manx: stroo
• Scottish Gaelic: sruth

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish sruth (“stream, river, current”), from Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”). Cognate with Welsh ffrwd and maybe the Gaulish hydronym Phroudis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s̪t̪ɾuh/

Noun

sruth m (genitive singular sruith or srutha, plural sruthan)

1. stream, burn
2. flow, rush (of water)
3. current

Declension

Declension of sruth (type I masculine noun)

Indefinite
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sruth	sruthan
Genitive	sruith	shruthan
Dative	sruth	sruthan; sruthaibh✝
Definite
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(an) sruth	(na) sruthan
Genitive	(an) t-sruith	(nan) sruthan
Dative	(an) t-sruth	(na) sruthan; sruthaibh✝
Vocative	shruith	shruthan

^✝ obsolete form, used until the 19th century

Declension of sruth (type IVb masculine noun)

Indefinite
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sruth	sruthan
Genitive	srutha	shruthan
Dative	srutha	sruthan
Definite
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	(an) sruth	(na) sruthan
Genitive	(an) t-srutha	(nan) sruthan
Dative	(an) t-srutha	(na) sruthan
Vocative	shruth	shruthan

Synonyms

• (stream, burn): allt

Derived terms

• eadar-shruthach (“interfluent”)
• eigh-shruth (“glacier”)
• leis an t-sruth (“downstream”)
• ris an t-sruth (“upstream”)
• sruth-chlais (“canal”)
• sruth-gaoith (“draught”)

 

Verb

sruth (past sruth, future sruthaidh, verbal noun sruthadh, past participle sruthte)

1. flow, stream

Conjugation

Conjugation of sruth (regular)

		singular			plural			impersonal
		first	second	third m/f	first	second	third
independent	past	shruth mi	shruth thu	shruth e/i	shruth sinn	shruth sibh	shruth iad	shruthadh
	future	sruthaidh mi	sruthaidh tu	sruthaidh e/i	sruthaidh sinn	sruthaidh sibh	sruthaidh iad	sruthar sruthtar
	conditional	shruthainn	shruthadh tu	shruthadh e/i	shruthamaid shruthadh sinn	shruthadh sibh	shruthadh iad	shruthtadh shruthaist1 shruthaiste1
negative	past	cha do shruth mi	cha do shruth thu	cha do shruth e/i	cha do shruth sinn	cha do shruth sibh	cha do shruth iad	cha do shruthadh
	future	cha shruth mi	cha shruth thu	cha shruth e/i	cha shruth sinn	cha shruth sibh	cha shruth iad	cha shruthar cha shruthtar
	conditional	cha shruthainn	cha shruthadh tu	cha shruthadh e/i	cha shruthamaid cha shruthadh sinn	cha shruthadh sibh	cha shruthadh iad	cha shruthtadh cha shruthaist1 cha shruthaiste1
affirmative interrogative	past	an do shruth mi?	an do shruth thu?	an do shruth e/i?	an do shruth sinn?	an do shruth sibh?	an do shruth iad?	an do shruthadh?
	future	an sruth mi?	an sruth thu?	an sruth e/i?	an sruth sinn?	an sruth sibh?	an sruth iad?	an sruthar? an sruthtar?
	conditional	an sruthainn?	an sruthadh tu?	an sruthadh e/i?	an sruthamaid? an sruthadh sinn?	an sruthadh sibh?	an sruthadh iad?	an sruthtadh? an sruthaist?1 an sruthaiste?1
negative interrogative	past	nach do shruth mi?	nach do shruth thu?	nach do shruth e/i?	nach do shruth sinn?	nach do shruth sibh?	nach do shruth iad?	nach do shruthadh?
	future	nach sruth mi?	nach sruth thu?	nach sruth e/i?	nach sruth sinn?	nach sruth sibh?	nach sruth iad?	nach sruthar? nach sruthtar?
	conditional	nach sruthainn?	nach sruthadh tu?	nach sruthadh e/i?	nach sruthamaid? nach sruthadh sinn?	nach sruthadh sibh?	nach sruthadh iad?	nach sruthtadh? nach sruthaist?1 nach sruthaiste?1
relative future	affirmative	(ma) shruthas mi	(ma) shruthas thu	(ma) shruthas e/i	(ma) shruthas sinn	(ma) shruthas sibh	(ma) shruthas iad	(ma) shruthar
	negative	(mur) sruth mi	(mur) sruth thu	(mur) sruth e/i	(mur) sruth sinn	(mur) sruth sibh	(mur) sruth iad	(mur) sruthar (mur) sruthtar
imperative		srutham	sruth	sruthadh e/i	sruthamaid	sruthaibh	sruthadh iad	sruthar sruthtar
stem		sruth
verbal noun		sruthadh
past participle		sruthte

¹ Lewis dialect form

Mutation

Mutation of sruth

radical	lenition
sruth	shruth after "an", t-sruth

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.