usque
English edit
Etymology edit
Abbreviation of usquebaugh, from Irish uisce beatha (“water of life”) and Scottish Gaelic uisge beatha (“water of life”). Compare whisky and obsolete whiskybae.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
usque (countable and uncountable, plural usques)
Latin edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from *úd-s (“out, outward”, genitive) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Sanskrit उच्चा (uccā́), Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca, “up, out”), Russian вы- (vy-, “out from”), Proto-Germanic *ūt, English out.[1]
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈuːs.kʷe/, [ˈuːs̠kʷɛ] or IPA(key): /ˈus.kʷe/, [ˈʊs̠kʷɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈus.kwe/, [ˈuskwe]
- De Vaan 2008 notes conflicting evidence of length in Romance descendants and argues this is most consistent with an originally long vowel, which may go back to a Proto-Indo-European *ūd (also continued in Germanic and Slavic).[1] In contrast, Buck 1913 argues for a short vowel. Per Buck, the only Romance evidence for ū is French forms, but Old French included variants such as enjosque, josque that seem to point towards ŭ; Buck suggests that the form jusque that ultimately prevailed in French might have had an analogical origin.[2] Malkiel 1983 likewise supports the interpretation that u in Old French enjusque had an analogical origin, with the vowel taken from sus < sūrsum.[3]
Adverb edit
ū̆sque (not comparable)
- constantly, continuously
- all the way (sometimes with ab (“from”) or ad (“to”))
Derived terms edit
- abū̆sque (“all the way from”)
- adū̆sque
- quoū̆sque
- ū̆squequāque (“everywhere”)
Preposition edit
ū̆sque (+ accusative)
Usage notes edit
In Classical Latin, usque is mostly used as an adverb,[5][6] modifying either a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase of a type that can stand on its own (e.g. the names of towns, which are regularly used without a preposition in the accusative or ablative). Poets and late prose writers sometimes use usque + accusative noun in contexts where older authors would have used usque ad + accusative,[7] in which case it can be interpreted as a preposition.
Descendants edit
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ū̆sque”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646
- ^ Buck, Carl D. (1913) “Hidden Quantities again”, in The Classical Review, volume 27, number 4, pages 125-126
- ^ Malkiel, Yakov (1983) From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 302
- ^ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 837
- ^ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 1229
- ^ Clifford, Arthur ((Can we date this quote?)) An Introduction to the Latin Language[1], Oxford
- ^ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 243-244
Further reading edit
- “usque”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “usque”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- usque in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine: haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum
- from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
- the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine: haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum
- usque in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[3], pre-publication website, 2005-2016