ḫm

See also: hm, HM, .hm, h'm, H.M., and ḥm

Egyptian

FWOTD – 6 February 2020

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /χaːm/ → /χaːm/ → /χoːm/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /χaːm/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /χaːm/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /χoːm/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /xɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: khem

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (transitive) to remain ignorant of; to not know or learn
   • c. 2353 BCE – 2323 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Unas — south wall of the antechamber, line 10–11, spell 262.1:

     ḏd-mdw m ḫm wnjs nṯr sṯ ṯw rḫ.t(j) sw sṯ sw rḫ ṯw

     Recitation: Do not be ignorant of Unas, o god, since you know him, since he knows you.

Inflection

Conjugation of ḫm (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ḫm, geminated stem: ḫmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḫm	ḫmw, ḫm	ḫmt	ḫm, j.ḫm	ḫm, j.ḫm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḫm	ḥr ḫm	m ḫm	r ḫm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḫm.n	ḫmw, ḫm	consecutive	ḫm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḫmt
perfective3	ḫm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḫm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḫm, j.ḫm1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḫm	ḫmm	potentialis1	ḫm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḫm, j.ḫm1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḫm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḫm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḫm	ḫmm, ḫmmj6, ḫm2, ḫmw2 5, ḫmy2 5
imperfective	j.ḫm1, ḫm, ḫmy, ḫmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ḫm1, j.ḫmw1 5, ḫm, ḫmj6, ḫmy6	ḫm, ḫmw5
prospective	ḫm, ḫmtj7	—	ḫmtj4, ḫmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Antonyms

• rḫ

Derived terms

• j.ḫm-wrḏ
• j.ḫm-sk
• m ḫm
• smḫ

 

Proper noun

  m./f. topo.

1. Letopolis
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 1–2:

     špss kꜣ pw ḫnt(j) ḏdw wr ẖrt m ḫm nb hnw m ꜥnḏtj ḫnt(j) ḏf(ꜣ) m jwnw

     He is noble of ka, this foremost one of Busiris, great of possessions in Letopolis, possessor of acclaim in (the nome of) Anedjti, foremost of provisions in Heliopolis, […]

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫm  

ḫm

Descendants

• → English: Khem

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 278.5–280.5, 280.15
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 284.