猫
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Translingual edit
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order (Chinese) | |||
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Japanese | 猫 |
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Simplified | 猫 |
Traditional | 貓 |
Han character edit
猫 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 大竹廿田 (KHTW), four-corner 44260, composition ⿰犭苗)
Derived characters edit
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 714, character 27
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20535
- Dae Jaweon: page 1127, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1352, character 1
- Unihan data for U+732B
Chinese edit
Glyph origin edit
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *mrew): semantic 犬 + phonetic 苗 (OC *mrew).
Definitions edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 猫 – see 貓 (“cat; to hide oneself; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 貓). |
Notes:
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Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
- Go-on: みょう (myō)←めう (meu, historical)
- Kan-on: びょう (byō, Jōyō)←べう (beu, historical); ぼう (bō)←ばう (bau, historical)
- Kun: ねこ (neko, 猫, Jōyō)
Compounds edit
Etymology 1 edit
Kanji in this term |
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猫 |
ねこ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
⟨neko1⟩ → /neko/
From Old Japanese. Cognate with Miyako にか (nika, “cat”, Tarama and Minna dialects) via unknown Japonic substratum.
A comparison of accent patterns between the dialects shows some confusion (see dialectal data):
- One group of dialects behaves as if <LF> was the Heian Kyoto accent pattern: many dialects with the Tokyo type accent, including the standard Japanese in Tokyo, pronounce this word with an <HL-L> pitch pattern, and in some non-mainstream Keihan type dialects as well, this word has a corresponding <LF> pitch pattern.
- Another group of dialects behaves as if <LL> was the Heian Kyoto accent pattern: the mainstream Keihan type dialects pronounce this word with an <HL> pitch pattern, and in a few of the Tokyo type dialects, this word has a corresponding <LH-L> pitch pattern.
As a result, this term is one example of words that have the same pitch accent pattern between Tokyo and Osaka/Kyoto. The confusion seems to be due to an impression that the term comes from a compound word origin. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
One theory explains that neko is shortened from earlier 猫 (nekoma), but neko has a first appearance in literature earlier than that for nekoma.
First attested in the 新訳華厳経音義私記 (Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki) of 794.[1]
- 猫狸 [...] ニ又漢云野貍、倭言上尼古、下多〻既
- Cat and raccoon dog, [...] both of them are called 野貍 (yari) in Chinese; the former is called 尼古 (⟨neko1⟩ → neko) while the latter is called 多〻既 (⟨tatake2⟩ → tatake) in Japanese.
Pronunciation edit
Dialectal data |
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Modern dialectal data
Note: The information are extracted per se, in a broad IPA transcription by the author. There may be inaccuracies in the data. For Hachijō and Ryukyuan data, see their corresponding entries. /ɯ̈/ is a described as a "central vowel", but the precise transcription is unclear. Data source (unless missing): Hirayama, Teruo (平山 照男); Ōshima Ichirō (大島 一郎); Ōno Masao (大野 眞男); Kuno Makoto (久野 眞); Kuno Mariko (久野 マリ子); Sugimura Takao (杉村 孝夫) (1992-1994) 現代日本語方言大辞典 [Dictionary of Japanese Dialects], Tokyo: Meiji Shoin (明治書院)
Ishikawa, Tottori ニコ (niko), Kagoshima ネゴ (nego), Chiba ネコ゚ (ne'ngo), Tokushima ネコー (nekō)[2] |
Noun edit
- [from 794] a cat
Usage notes edit
- As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ネコ.
Derived terms edit
- 子猫 (koneko), 仔猫 (koneko): a kitten
- 黒猫 (kuroneko): a black cat
- 麝香猫 (jakō neko): civet
- シュレーディンガーの猫 (Shurēdingā no neko): Schrödinger's cat
- 猫手 (nekote)
- 猫間 (nekoma)
- 猫又 (nekomata)
- 猫耳 (nekomimi): nekomimi
- 唐猫 (karaneko)
- 化け猫 (bakeneko): a monster cat
- 招き猫 (manekineko)
- 虎猫 (toraneko)
- どら猫 (doraneko)
- 山猫 (yamaneko)
- 猫可愛がり (nekokawaigari)
- 三毛猫 (mikeneko): a calico cat
Idioms edit
- 猫も杓子も (neko mo shakushi mo)
- 猫の手も借りたい (neko no te mo karitai)
- 猫舌 (nekojita): "cat tongue", someone who is incapable of drinking or eating anything hot due to having an overly sensitive tongue
- 猫に鰹節 (neko ni katsuobushi)
- 猫に小判 (neko ni kohan): pearls before swine
- 猫の額 (neko no hitai)
- 借りてきた猫 (karite kita neko)
- 猫を被る (neko o kaburu): feign innocence
Etymology 2 edit
Kanji in this term |
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猫 |
ねこま Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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猫ま |
According to the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō), 931–938, 猫 (neko) is short for this word.
- 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 7, page 56:
- 猫: 野王案、猫、音苗、禰古麻、下總本有和名二字興河海抄引此合、本草和名同訓、或省云禰古、新撰字鏡、狸、禰古、按狸一名猫、見本草和名、似虎而小、熊捕鼠為糧
- Cat. Recorded as a long jewel. The Chinese reading is myō; [in Japanese it is read as] nekoma. (please add a translation of the rest of this usage example)
One theory describes the first mora <ne> as onomatopoeia for the sound a cat makes (cf. にゃ (nya); compare English mew, meow). The last two morae <ko1ma> might accord with 熊 (kuma, “bear”) if it were from Proto-Japonic *koma (class 2.3 <LL>), in the sense of "four-legged animal". The Heian Kyoto accent of this word is <LHL>; note that in compound words for species names, the pitch pattern may be simplised to <-HL> when the final element is a 2-mora noun (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?), and the presence or absence of this phenomenon could explain the accent confusion in neko. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
However, nekoma is first cited to 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, the oldest surviving dictionary of medicine in Japan),[5] while neko is first attested in 794.
- c. 918, Honzō Wamyō:
- 家狸、一名猫、和名禰古末
- A house raccoon; also called a cat; the Japanese name is nekoma.
Pronunciation edit
Dialectal data |
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Noun edit
References edit
- ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), →ISBN, page 559
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “ね‐こ 【猫】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 “ねこ‐ま 【猫─】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ^ “ねこ【猫】”, in 日本方言大辞典 (Nihon Hōgen Daijiten, “Nihon Hōgen Daijiten”) [3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1989, released online 2016, →ISBN
- Minamoto, Shitagō; Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (931–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Honbunhen (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, published 1968, →ISBN.
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 猫 (MC mjew). Recorded as Middle Korean 貓/묘 (myo) (Yale: myo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja edit
猫 (eumhun 고양이 묘 (goyang'i myo))
Compounds edit
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Okinawan edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
Compounds edit
Noun edit
猫 (mayā)
References edit
- “まやー・まやあ【猫】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Yaeyama edit
Kanji edit
Noun edit
猫 (mayā)
Yoron edit
Kanji edit
Noun edit
猫 (myanka)