終古

Chinese

		end; finish	ancient; old
trad. (終古)		終	古
simp. (终古)		终	古

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhōnggǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ gu²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggǔ
    • Wade–Giles: chung¹-ku³
    • Yale: jūng-gǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongguu
    • Palladius: чжунгу (čžungu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 中古 鐘鼓／钟鼓

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung¹ gu²
    • Yale: jūng gú
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gu²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: tsyuwng kuX

Rime
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	職戎切	公戸切
Baxter	tsyuwng	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨuŋ/	/kuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/kuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/koX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuwŋ/	/kɔX/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/koX/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuŋ/	/kuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uŋ/	/kuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung1	gu2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tuŋ  kˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjuŋ  kaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyuwng ›	‹ kuX ›
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*kˁaʔ/
English	end	ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2428	4219
Phonetic component	冬	古
Rime group	終	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	終	古
Old Chinese	/*tjuŋ/	/*kaːʔ/

Adverb

終古

1. (literary) forever; always
2. (literary) often; regularly; frequently
3. (literary) from time immemorial; since ancient times

   • 春蘭兮秋菊，長無絕兮終古。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     春兰兮秋菊，长无绝兮终古。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE

     Chūnlán xī qiūjú, cháng wújué xī zhōnggǔ. [Pinyin]

     With orchids of spring and chrysanthemums of autumn, we will keep you venerated like since time immemorial.

Synonyms

• (forever):

• 永世 (yǒngshì)
• 永遠／永远 (yǒngyuǎn)

 

• (often):

• 動輒／动辄 (dòngzhé) (literary)
• 常常 (chángcháng)
• 常時／常时 (chángshí)
• 往往 (wǎngwǎng)
• 慣／惯 (guàn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 時常／时常 (shícháng)
• 時時／时时 (shíshí)
• 每每 (měiměi)
• 經常／经常 (jīngcháng)

 

• (from time immemorial):

• 古來／古来 (gǔlái) (literary)
• 自古 (zìgǔ)
• 自古以來／自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

 

Adjective

終古

1. a long time ago; far back

Synonyms

• 久遠／久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
• 久長／久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
• 延延 (yányán) (literary)
• 延長／延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
• 彌遠／弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
• 恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
• 悠久 (yōujiǔ)
• 悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
• 曠世／旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
• 永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
• 永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
• 漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
• 迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
• 長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
• 長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)