See also: , , and
U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577

[U+9576]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+9578]
U+2FA7, ⾧
KANGXI RADICAL LONG

[U+2FA6]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FA8]
U+2ED1, ⻑
CJK RADICAL LONG ONE

[U+2ED0]
CJK Radicals Supplement
[U+2ED2]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Alternative forms edit

  • (when used as a radical)

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 168, +0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺𠄌丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺𠄌丿(HT) or ⿱⿰𰀀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, .

Derived characters edit

See also edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese edit

trad.
simp.

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
     

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare .

Etymology edit

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See for more.

Pronunciation 1 edit


Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
    • tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰长泰);
    • tiông/tiâng - literary;
    • chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長笨长 and 高長高长).
    Note:
    • deng5 - colloquial;
    • ciang5 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: do5
      • Sinological IPA: /tɔ²²/
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 長 (短)
    Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
    /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
    Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
    Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
    /t͡suə¹³/
    Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
    Suzhou /zã¹³/
    Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
    /tŋ̍³⁵/
    /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /touŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɔŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
    /tɯŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /siaŋ³¹/
    /ʔdo³¹/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial () (11)
    Final () (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter drjang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɖɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɖiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ȡiɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ɖɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /ȡiaŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /ȡĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ȡʱi̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    cháng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    coeng4
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    cháng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ drjang ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
    English long (adj.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 1276
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*daŋ/

    Definitions edit

    1. long (of distance)
        ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
    2. length
        ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
    3. long (in space); far; distant
    4. long (of time); lasting
    5. everlasting; permanent
    6. constantly; frequently
      See also:
    7. straight; perfectly straight
    8. upright; right; good; fine
    9. strength; advantage; merit
    10. skill; specialism
    11. to excel in
    12. (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone
    13. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object
      [Hokkien]  ―  hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to divide into two segments
    14. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently
    15. a surname

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():

    Pronunciation 2 edit


    Note:
    • tióng/tiáng - literary;
    • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
    • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
    Note:
    • ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
    • dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").
  • Wu

  • Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/3
    Initial () (9)
    Final () (105)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter trjangX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ʈɨɐŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ʈiɐŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ȶiɑŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ʈɨaŋX/
    Li
    Rong
    /ȶiaŋX/
    Wang
    Li
    /ȶĭaŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ȶi̯aŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    zhǎng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    zoeng2
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    zhǎng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ trjangX ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*traŋʔ/
    English grow; elder

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/3
    No. 1263
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*taŋʔ/

    Definitions edit

    1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
        ―  zhǎng  ―  to grow old
      健康 [MSC, trad.]
      健康 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
      The tree in my house is growing healthily.
    2. (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
    3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
    4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
      See also:
    5. to nourish
    6. old (of age)
        ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
    7. senior; elder
        ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
    8. leader; master; chief; head
    9. eldest; oldest
    10. to exalt; to honor
    11. to wield; to be in control of
    Synonyms edit

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():

    Pronunciation 3 edit



    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 3/3
    Initial () (11)
    Final () (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter drjangH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɖɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɖiɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ȡiɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ɖɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ȡiaŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ȡĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ȡʱi̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    zhàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    zoeng6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 1280
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*daŋs/

    Definitions edit

    1. (archaic) length; measure of length
      See also:
    2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
      今旦 [Eastern Min, trad.]
      今旦 [Eastern Min, simp.]
      gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
      There is a lot of leftover food today.

    Compounds edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. long, lengthy
    2. long time
    3. growing, increasing
    4. excellent, great
    5. comfortable, relaxing
    6. elder, old, senior
    7. chief, head, leader
    8. Short for 長門 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

    Readings edit

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Kanji in this term
    ちょう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    /tjau//t͡ɕjau//t͡ɕɔː//t͡ɕoː/

    From Middle Chinese (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (ちょう) (chōちやう (tyau)?

    1. chief, head, leader
      (はん)(ちょう)
      han chō
      the group leader
    2. strong point
      Antonym: (tan)
      (ちょう )( の)ばす
      chō o nobasu
      enrich a strong point
    3. (music) major
      Antonym: (tan)

    Proper noun edit

    (ちょう) (Chōちやう (tyau)?

    1. a surname

    Etymology 2 edit

    Kanji in this term
    おさ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /wosa//osa/

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (おさ) (osaをさ (wosa)?

    1. chief, head, leader
      Synonym: (kashira)
    Derived terms edit

    Proper noun edit

    (おさ) (Osaをさ (wosa)?

    1. a place name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 3 edit

    Kanji in this term
    なが
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.

    Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, long, lengthy).

    Alternative forms edit

    Pronunciation edit

    Prefix edit

    (なが) (naga-

    1. long
    Derived terms edit

    Proper noun edit

    (なが) (Naga

    1. a surname

    Etymology 4 edit

    Kanji in this term
    つかさ
    Grade: 2
    irregular
    Alternative spellings



    From Old Japanese.

    Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position) +‎ (-sa, -ness, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (つかさ) (tsukasa

    1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
    2. an official
      Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)
    3. government service

    Proper noun edit

    (つかさ) (Tsukasa

    1. a surname
    2. a unisex given name

    Etymology 5 edit

    Kanji in this term
    たき
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    ⟨taki1 → */takʲi//taki/

    Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

    Alternative forms edit

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (たき) (taki

    1. height

    Etymology 6 edit

    Kanji in this term
    たけ
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    ⟨take2 → */takəj//take/

    Cognate with (taka, height), 高い (takai, high), and 長ける (takeru, to be high).

    Alternative forms edit

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (たけ) (take

    1. height

    Proper noun edit

    (たけ) (Take

    1. a surname

    Etymology 7 edit

    Kanji in this term
    たける
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, to excel at).

    Proper noun edit

    (たける) (Takeru

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    Etymology 8 edit

    Kanji in this term
    ひさし
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    From Old Japanese.

    Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, long time).

    Proper noun edit

    (ひさし) (Hisashi

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    References edit

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC drjang, “long”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 (Yale: kin) (Yale: tyang)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun (gil jang))

    1. Hanja form? of (long; lengthy). [prefix]

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 2 edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 (Yale: kil) (Yale: tyang)

    Pronunciation edit

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja edit

    (eumhun 어른 (eoreun jang))

    1. Hanja form? of (head; chief; manager). [noun, suffix]
    2. Hanja form? of (to grow; to develop). [affix]

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Việt readings: trường ((trực)(lương)(thiết))[1][2][3], trưởng ((triển)(lưỡng)(thiết))[1][2][3], tràng[3]
    : Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]

    Etymology 1 edit

    chữ Hán form of trưởng (head; leader; to grow).

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 2 edit

    chữ Hán form of trường (long (of distance and time)).

    Compounds edit

    References edit