-ul
Azerbaijani edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-ul
- Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L.
Derived terms edit
See -il.
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix edit
-ul
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning.
- csoportos (“collective”) + -ul → csoportosul (“to form a group”)
- azonos (“identical”) + -ul → azonosul (“to identify; to associate oneself with some group”)
- von (“to pull”) + -ul → vonul (“to go along, to stalk, to march”, literally “to pull oneself”)
- alak (“shape”) + -ul → alakul (“to take shape”)
Usage notes edit
- (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Suffix edit
-ul/-ül (essive-modal case suffix)
- (essive sense) as, with the intention of
- (modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.
Usage notes edit
- (essive-modal case suffix) Variants:
- -ul is added to back-vowel words. Final -a changes to -á-.
- -ül is added to front-vowel words. Final -e changes to -é-.
Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú |
Front vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
unrounded e, é, i, í |
rounded ö, ő, ü, ű | ||
nominative | — | ||
accusative | -t | ||
-ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
dative | -nak | -nek | |
instrumental | -val | -vel | |
causal-final | -ért | ||
translative | -vá | -vé | |
terminative | -ig | ||
essive-formal | -ként | ||
essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
inessive | -ban | -ben | |
superessive | -n | ||
-on | -en | -ön | |
adessive | -nál | -nél | |
illative | -ba | -be | |
sublative | -ra | -re | |
allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
elative | -ból | -ből | |
delative | -ról | -ről | |
ablative | -tól | -től | |
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként |
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Middle English edit
Suffix edit
-ul
- Alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)
Old English edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-ul
Romanian edit
Alternative forms edit
- -l — for masculine and neuter nouns ending in a vowel other than -e or -i
- -le — for masculine and neuter nouns ending in -e
Etymology edit
Identical to -l (a contracted form of an older -lu). Due to the misunderstanding of modern speakers it is assumed to be a seperate suffix. In older Romanian (still dialectially attested and present in place names) masculine nouns end in -u for example: focu (now foc). A tendency to drop the pronunciation of final -u sounds lead to the modern pronunciation. Accordingly the old definite form for focu is foculu. Thus when subjected to final u dropping it results in the modern form focul. It is not that -ul is a suffix, but that the indefinite form is contracted, such that its not immediately obvious.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-ul m or n
Usage notes edit
This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter singular nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which do not end in a vowel, except for -i (which is somewhat uncommon in Romanian):
- bărbatul (“the man”), from bărbat m
- visul (“the dream”), from vis n
- copilul (“the child”), from copil m
- arcul (“the bow”), from arc n
- războiul (“the war”), from război n
- tramvaiul (“the tram”), from tramvai n
- cotoiul (“the tomcat”), from cotoi m
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies:
- deșteptul om, from omul deștept (both meaning "the smart man")
- viteazul soldat, from soldatul viteaz (both meaning "the brave soldier")
In informal speech, the final -l is often not pronounced.
Related terms edit
See also edit
Turkish edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-ul
- Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L.
Derived terms edit
See -il.