ругая

Bulgarian

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian руга́ть (rugátʹ), which is a doublet of ръга́я (rǎgája) (inherited), ultimately from Proto-Slavic *rǫgati.

Superficially also resembles Bulgarian ръ́гам (rǎ́gam, “to prod”), however, their semantics don't match exactly.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [roˈɡajɐ]

Verb

руга́я • (rugája) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive) to scold, to rebuke, to malign, to curse [somebody]

   Synonyms: хо́кам (hókam), ка́рам (káram), ху́ля (húlja)

2. (intransitive) to swear, to cuss

   руга́я като каруца́р ― rugája kato karucár ― to swear like a drayman

3. (reflexive with се, in the plural) to call each other names

Conjugation

    Conjugation of руга́я (conjugation 1.7, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	руга́ещ rugáešt	руга́л rugál	руга́ел rugáel	руга́н rugán		руга́ейки rugáejki
	definite subject form	руга́ещият rugáeštijat	руга́лият rugálijat	—	руга́ният rugánijat
	definite object form	руга́ещия rugáeštija	руга́лия rugálija	—	руга́ния rugánija
feminine	indefinite	руга́еща rugáešta	руга́ла rugála	руга́ела rugáela	руга́на rugána
	definite	руга́ещата rugáeštata	руга́лата rugálata	—	руга́ната rugánata
neuter	indefinite	руга́ещо rugáešto	руга́ло rugálo	руга́ело rugáelo	руга́но rugáno	руга́ене rugáene
	definite	руга́ещото rugáeštoto	руга́лото rugáloto	—	руга́ното rugánoto	руга́енето rugáeneto
plural	indefinite	руга́ещи rugáešti	руга́ли rugáli	руга́ели rugáeli	руга́ни rugáni	руга́ения, руга́енета rugáenija, rugáeneta
	definite	руга́ещите rugáeštite	руга́лите rugálite	—	руга́ните rugánite	руга́енията, руга́енетата rugáenijata, rugáenetata

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		руга́я rugája	руга́еш rugáeš	руга́е rugáe	руга́ем rugáem	руга́ете rugáete	руга́ят rugájat
imperfect		руга́ех rugáeh	руга́еше rugáeše	руга́еше rugáeše	руга́ехме rugáehme	руга́ехте rugáehte	руга́еха rugáeha
aorist		руга́х rugáh	руга́ rugá	руга́ rugá	руга́хме rugáhme	руга́хте rugáhte	руга́ха rugáha
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and руга́ел m, руга́ела f, руга́ело n, or руга́ели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and руга́ел m, руга́ела f, руга́ело n, or руга́ели pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and руга́ел m, руга́ела f, руга́ело n, or руга́ели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			руга́й rugáj			руга́йте rugájte

    Conjugation of руга́я (conjugation 1.7, imperfective, intransitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	руга́ещ rugáešt	руга́л rugál	руга́ел rugáel	—		руга́ейки rugáejki
	definite subject form	руга́ещият rugáeštijat	руга́лият rugálijat	—	—
	definite object form	руга́ещия rugáeštija	руга́лия rugálija	—	—
feminine	indefinite	руга́еща rugáešta	руга́ла rugála	руга́ела rugáela	—
	definite	руга́ещата rugáeštata	руга́лата rugálata	—	—
neuter	indefinite	руга́ещо rugáešto	руга́ло rugálo	руга́ело rugáelo	—	руга́ене rugáene
	definite	руга́ещото rugáeštoto	руга́лото rugáloto	—	—	руга́енето rugáeneto
plural	indefinite	руга́ещи rugáešti	руга́ли rugáli	руга́ели rugáeli	—	руга́ения, руга́енета rugáenija, rugáeneta
	definite	руга́ещите rugáeštite	руга́лите rugálite	—	—	руга́енията, руга́енетата rugáenijata, rugáenetata

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		руга́я rugája	руга́еш rugáeš	руга́е rugáe	руга́ем rugáem	руга́ете rugáete	руга́ят rugájat
imperfect		руга́ех rugáeh	руга́еше rugáeše	руга́еше rugáeše	руга́ехме rugáehme	руга́ехте rugáehte	руга́еха rugáeha
aorist		руга́х rugáh	руга́ rugá	руга́ rugá	руга́хме rugáhme	руга́хте rugáhte	руга́ха rugáha
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and руга́ел m, руга́ела f, руга́ело n, or руга́ели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and руга́ел m, руга́ела f, руга́ело n, or руга́ели pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and руга́ел m, руга́ела f, руга́ело n, or руга́ели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and руга́л m, руга́ла f, руга́ло n, or руга́ли pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			руга́й rugáj			руга́йте rugájte

Alternative forms

• ру́гам (rúgam) — dialectal

Derived terms

• заруга́я pf (zarugája), заруга́вам impf (zarugávam)
• изруга́я pf (izrugája), изруга́вам impf (izrugávam)
• наруга́я pf (narugája), наруга́вам impf (narugávam)
• обруга́я pf (obrugája), обруга́вам impf (obrugávam)
• поруга́я pf (porugája), поруга́вам impf (porugávam, “to defile”)
• руга (ruga, “mockery”) (obsolescent/dialectal)
• ругатня́ (rugatnjá, “insulst”) (action noun)
• руга́тел m (rugátel), руга́телка f (rugátelka) (agent nouns)
  • руга́телство (rugátelstvo, “detraction”)
  • руга́телен (rugátelen), руга́телски (rugátelski, “scornful”)

Related terms

• ру́жа (се) (rúža (se)), ру́жам (rúžam, “to quarrel with”) (dialectal)

References

• “ругая”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “ругая”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• “рѫгати сѧ”, in Старобългарски речник [Old Bulgarian Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), https://histdict.uni-sofia.bg, 2011—2024
• Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “ругая, диал. ругам”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 333

Anagrams

• ягуар (jaguar)

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [rʊˈɡajə]

Participle

руга́я • (rugája)

1. present adverbial imperfective participle of руга́ть (rugátʹ)