خشم

See also: چشم and جسم

Gulf Arabic

Etymology

Root
خ ش م
1 term

From Arabic خَشَم (ḵašam). Cognate with Hijazi Arabic خشم (ḵušum).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈχə.ʃɪm/

Noun

خَشِم • (ḵašim) m (plural خْشُوم (ḵšūm))

1. nose

Hijazi Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic خَشَم (ḵašam). Cognate with Gulf Arabic خشم (ḵašim).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xu.ʃum/, [xʊ.ʃʊm]

Noun

خشم • (ḵušum) m (construct state خُشْم (ḵušm), plural أخشام (ʔaḵšām))

1. nose

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian ʾyšm, xyšm (xēšm, “anger”), from Old Persian *aišima (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 (aēšəma), 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma)), from Proto-Iranian *HayšHmah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HayšHmas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁oysh₂-mo-s, from *h₁eysh₂-.

Cognate with Parthian 𐫙𐫢𐫖𐫃 (ʿšmg /⁠išmag⁠/, “wrath, the demon wrath”) and more distantly Latin īra. Akin to Old Armenian հեշմակ-ապաշտ (hešmak-apašt), Old Georgian ჰეშმაკი (hešmaḳi), ეშმაკი (ešmaḳi), Middle Georgian შმაგი (šmagi), Iranian borrowings.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xiʃm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäʃm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäʃm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xäʃm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xi.ʃim]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæʃm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χäʃm]

Readings
Classical reading?	xišm
Dari reading?	xašm
Iranian reading?	xašm
Tajik reading?	xašm

Noun

Dari	خشم
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хашм

خشم • (xašm)

1. anger, wrath, rage

   Synonyms: عصبانیت ('asabâniyat), غضب (ğazab), تندخویی (tondxuyi)

   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3799:

     خشم بر شاهان شه و ما را غلام
     خشم را هم بسته‌‌ام زیر لگام

     xišm bar šāhān šah u mā rā ğulām
     xišm rā ham basta-am zēr-i lagām

     Anger is king over kings, and to me it is a slave:
     even anger I have bound under the bridle.

   • 1021-1077, Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Tarikh-i Bayhaqi

     چون حسنک بیامد، خواجه بر پای خاست. چون او این مَکرُمت بکرد، همه – اگر خواستند یا نه – بر پای خاستند. بو سهل زوزنی بر خشم خود طاقت نداشت؛ برخاست، نه تمام و بر خویشتن می ژکید. احمد او را گفت: در همه کارها ناتمامی. وی نیک از جای بشد.

     Čūn Hasanak biyāmad, Xwāja bar pāy xāst. Čūn ō īn makrumat bikard, hama – agar xwāstand yā na – bar pāy xāstand. Bū Sahl Zawzanī bar xašm-i xwad tāqat nadāšt; bar-xāst, na tamām, wa bar xwēštan mē-žakīd. Ahmad ō rā guft: "dar hama-i kār-hā nā-tamāmī". Way nēk az jāy bišud.

     When Hasanak [the Vizier] arrived, Khwaja [Ahmad Maymandi] rose to his feet. Since he displayed this act of respect, everyone – whether they wanted or not – rose to their feet.. Bu Sahl Zawzani couldn't contain his irritation; he rose, [but] not completely, while muttering under his breath. Ahmad said to him: "In all [your] undertakings, you lack thoroughness." He [Bu Sahl] became extremely angered.

Derived terms

• خشمگین (xašmgin, “angry”)

 

Descendants

• → Hindi: ख़श्म (xaśma)

Urdu

Etymology

From Classical Persian خشم (xašm, “anger, rage”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xəʃm/

Noun

خشم • (xaśm) m (Hindi spelling ख़श्म)

1. anger; rage, fury, wrath
2. indignation; ire
3. passion

References

• “خشم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خشم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “خشم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• “خشم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.