دون

Arabic

Etymology 1

Developed from the root د ن و (d-n-w) denoting being lower, to come close or near before something, at their feet; cognate with Aramaic דני (“to prostrate, to lower oneself to or before a higher authority, to humble”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duːn/

Adjective

دُون • (dūn)

1. low, base, inferior

Declension

Declension of adjective دُون (dūn)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		—
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	دُون dūn	الدُّون ad-dūn	—	—
Nominative	دُونٌ dūnun	الدُّونُ ad-dūnu	—	—
Accusative	دُونًا dūnan	الدُّونَ ad-dūna	—	—
Genitive	دُونٍ dūnin	الدُّونِ ad-dūni	—	—
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	—	—	—	—
Nominative	—	—	—	—
Accusative	—	—	—	—
Genitive	—	—	—	—
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	—		—
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	—	—	—	—
Nominative	—	—	—	—
Accusative	—	—	—	—
Genitive	—	—	—	—

Descendants

• → Ottoman Turkish: دون (dun)
  • Turkish: dun

Adverb

دُونُ • (dūnu)

1. below

   Antonym: فَوْقُ (fawqu)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duː.na/

Preposition

دُونَ • (dūna)

1. below
   • 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḵāriyy, 65:78:

     «فَأْتُوا بِالتَّوْرَاةِ فَاتْلُوهَا إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ!» – فَوَضَعَ مِدْرَاسُهَا الَّذِي يُدَرِّسُهَا مِنْهُمْ كَفَّهُ عَلَى آيَةِ الرَّجْمِ، فَطَفِقَ يَقْرَأُ مَا دُونَ يَدِهِ وَمَا وَرَاءَهَا، وَلَا يَقْرَأُ آيَةَ الرَّجْمِ.

     “faʔtū bi-t-tawrāti fātlūhā ʔin kuntum ṣādiqīna!” – fawaḍaʕa midrāsuhā llaḏī yudarrisuhā minhum kaffahu ʕalā ʔāyati r-rajmi, faṭafiqa yaqraʔu mā dūna yadihi wamā warāʔahā, walā yaqraʔu ʔāyata r-rajmi.

     “Bring the Torah here and recite it if ye art truthful!” – and the teacher teaching it put the palm of his hand over the stoning verse and commenced to read what was [written] below and what [from his point of view] behind his hand, not reading the stoning verse.

2. less than
   • c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802^IA, Cap. 29, Art. 15, pages 383–384:

     والكتم قال أبو الخير هو ثلاثة أنواع منها ما له ورق عريض مثل ورق الآس الذي ينبت في الشعرى وهو يعلو كثيرا ويأخذ من التدويح وورقه مشرفة مثل تشريف المنشار ومنه نوع آخر له ورق دون الأول في العرض وتعظم شجرته أيضا وله حب في قدر حب الفلفل والريحان ويعتصر منه دهن يستصبح به ونوع آخر له ورق طويل دقيق مثل ورق المسان وقيل إن مما جرب فصح إنه إن سقى من عصارة ورقه ثمانية دراهم لمن عضه الكلب فإنه يبرئ في ذلك اليوم ويخلص بإذن الله تعالى وأن فزع من الماء فإنه يبرئ والكتم هو شبيه للحناء ويجفف ورقه ويدق نعما ويخلط بالحناء وخضب به الشعر.

     About the mock privet says Abū al-Ḵayr that there are three kinds of it: The first has wide leaves similar to the leaves of the myrtle which grows in the maquis and it becomes very high and swollen and its leaves are humped like a saw, the second has leaves of lesser width but its tree is also poddy and its seeds are of the size of the seeds of peppers and myrtles and from them one can press oil for lighting, and another kind has long delicate leaves like sandpaper and it is said if someone is affected by scabies then he will regain health, that if he whom a dog has bitten drinks eight dirhem from the extract of its leaves he will becomes free from the ailment the same day and cleansed of it if God is gracious; so that he will fear water but he will be free of the pest. Mock privet is similar to henna and one dries its leaves and crushes them well and mixes with henna and dyes the hair with it.

3. other than
   • (Can we date this quote?), Jarir, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

     وَنَحْسُدُ أنْ نَزُورَكُمُ وَنَرْضَى / بِدُونِ الْبَذْلِ لَوْ عَلِمَ الْحَسُودُ

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. behind
5. without

   Synonyms: بِلَا (bilā), بِدُونِ (bidūni), مِنْ دُونِ (min dūni), مِنْ غَيْرِ (min ḡayri), بِغَيْرِ (biḡayri)

Inflection

Inflected forms
Base form					دُونَ (dūna)
Personal-pronoun- including forms	Singular		Dual	Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Common	Masculine	Feminine
First person	دُونِي (dūnī)		دُونَنَا (dūnanā)
Second person	دُونَكَ (dūnaka)	دُونَكِ (dūnaki)	دُونَكُمَا (dūnakumā)	دُونَكُمْ (dūnakum)	دُونَكُنَّ (dūnakunna)
Third person	دُونَهُ (dūnahu)	دُونَهَا (dūnahā)	دُونَهُمَا (dūnahumā)	دُونَهُمْ (dūnahum)	دُونَهُنَّ (dūnahunna)

Derived terms

• بِدُونِ (bidūni)
• دُونَمَا (dūnamā)
• مِنْ دُونِ (min dūni)
• دُونَكَ (dūnaka)

Further reading

• Al-Shamsan, Abo Aws (2016) أحكام ‹دون› ودلالاتها السياقية‎^[1]

Etymology 3

Denominal verb of دِيوَان (dīwān, “register”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /daw.wa.na/

Verb

دَوَّنَ • (dawwana) II (non-past يُدَوِّنُ (yudawwinu), verbal noun تَدْوِين (tadwīn))

1. to record, to write down

Conjugation

    Conjugation of دَوَّنَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَدْوِين)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَدْوِين tadwīn
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُدَوِّن mudawwin
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُدَوَّن mudawwan
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	دَوَّنْتُ dawwantu	دَوَّنْتَ dawwanta	دَوَّنَ dawwana		دَوَّنْتُمَا dawwantumā	دَوَّنَا dawwanā		دَوَّنَّا dawwannā	دَوَّنْتُمْ dawwantum	دَوَّنُوا dawwanū
	f		دَوَّنْتِ dawwanti	دَوَّنَتْ dawwanat			دَوَّنَتَا dawwanatā			دَوَّنْتُنَّ dawwantunna	دَوَّنَّ dawwanna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُدَوِّنُ ʔudawwinu	تُدَوِّنُ tudawwinu	يُدَوِّنُ yudawwinu		تُدَوِّنَانِ tudawwināni	يُدَوِّنَانِ yudawwināni		نُدَوِّنُ nudawwinu	تُدَوِّنُونَ tudawwinūna	يُدَوِّنُونَ yudawwinūna
	f		تُدَوِّنِينَ tudawwinīna	تُدَوِّنُ tudawwinu			تُدَوِّنَانِ tudawwināni			تُدَوِّنَّ tudawwinna	يُدَوِّنَّ yudawwinna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُدَوِّنَ ʔudawwina	تُدَوِّنَ tudawwina	يُدَوِّنَ yudawwina		تُدَوِّنَا tudawwinā	يُدَوِّنَا yudawwinā		نُدَوِّنَ nudawwina	تُدَوِّنُوا tudawwinū	يُدَوِّنُوا yudawwinū
	f		تُدَوِّنِي tudawwinī	تُدَوِّنَ tudawwina			تُدَوِّنَا tudawwinā			تُدَوِّنَّ tudawwinna	يُدَوِّنَّ yudawwinna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُدَوِّنْ ʔudawwin	تُدَوِّنْ tudawwin	يُدَوِّنْ yudawwin		تُدَوِّنَا tudawwinā	يُدَوِّنَا yudawwinā		نُدَوِّنْ nudawwin	تُدَوِّنُوا tudawwinū	يُدَوِّنُوا yudawwinū
	f		تُدَوِّنِي tudawwinī	تُدَوِّنْ tudawwin			تُدَوِّنَا tudawwinā			تُدَوِّنَّ tudawwinna	يُدَوِّنَّ yudawwinna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		دَوِّنْ dawwin			دَوِّنَا dawwinā				دَوِّنُوا dawwinū
	f		دَوِّنِي dawwinī							دَوِّنَّ dawwinna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	دُوِّنْتُ duwwintu	دُوِّنْتَ duwwinta	دُوِّنَ duwwina		دُوِّنْتُمَا duwwintumā	دُوِّنَا duwwinā		دُوِّنَّا duwwinnā	دُوِّنْتُمْ duwwintum	دُوِّنُوا duwwinū
	f		دُوِّنْتِ duwwinti	دُوِّنَتْ duwwinat			دُوِّنَتَا duwwinatā			دُوِّنْتُنَّ duwwintunna	دُوِّنَّ duwwinna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُدَوَّنُ ʔudawwanu	تُدَوَّنُ tudawwanu	يُدَوَّنُ yudawwanu		تُدَوَّنَانِ tudawwanāni	يُدَوَّنَانِ yudawwanāni		نُدَوَّنُ nudawwanu	تُدَوَّنُونَ tudawwanūna	يُدَوَّنُونَ yudawwanūna
	f		تُدَوَّنِينَ tudawwanīna	تُدَوَّنُ tudawwanu			تُدَوَّنَانِ tudawwanāni			تُدَوَّنَّ tudawwanna	يُدَوَّنَّ yudawwanna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُدَوَّنَ ʔudawwana	تُدَوَّنَ tudawwana	يُدَوَّنَ yudawwana		تُدَوَّنَا tudawwanā	يُدَوَّنَا yudawwanā		نُدَوَّنَ nudawwana	تُدَوَّنُوا tudawwanū	يُدَوَّنُوا yudawwanū
	f		تُدَوَّنِي tudawwanī	تُدَوَّنَ tudawwana			تُدَوَّنَا tudawwanā			تُدَوَّنَّ tudawwanna	يُدَوَّنَّ yudawwanna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُدَوَّنْ ʔudawwan	تُدَوَّنْ tudawwan	يُدَوَّنْ yudawwan		تُدَوَّنَا tudawwanā	يُدَوَّنَا yudawwanā		نُدَوَّنْ nudawwan	تُدَوَّنُوا tudawwanū	يُدَوَّنُوا yudawwanū
	f		تُدَوَّنِي tudawwanī	تُدَوَّنْ tudawwan			تُدَوَّنَا tudawwanā			تُدَوَّنَّ tudawwanna	يُدَوَّنَّ yudawwanna

Khowar

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit दन् (dán), nominative singular of दत् (dat, “tooth”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔn/

Noun

دون (don)

1. a tooth

Etymology 2

From Sanskrit दधन् (dadhán, “coagulated milk”).

Alternative forms

• دوؤن

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ̌ːn/

Noun

دون (doón)

1. ghee; clarified butter

References

• Elena Bashir, Maula Nigah, Rahmat Karim Baig (2022) “دون”, in A digital Khowar-English dictionary with audio‎^[2], second edition, Chicago, I.L.: South Asia Language and Area Center, University of Chicago, archived from the original on 2023-01-19.

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *tǖn.

Noun

دون • (dün)

1. yesterday
2. the past
3. night

Derived terms

• دون و کون (dün ü gün, “day and night”)

Related terms

• دونكی (dünkü)

Descendants

• Turkish: dün

References

• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دون”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[3], Constantinople: Mihran, page 592
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “dün”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Avery, Robert et al., editors (2013), The Redhouse Dictionary Turkish/Ottoman English, 21st edition, Istanbul: Sev Yayıncılık, →ISBN

Ushojo

Verb

دون (dōn)

1. to give