ظلم

Arabic

Root
ظ ل م (ẓ l m)
12 terms

Etymology

Compare Aramaic טלם.

Verb

ظَلَمَ • (ẓalama) I (non-past يَظْلِمُ (yaẓlimu), verbal noun ظَلْم (ẓalm) or ظُلْم (ẓulm) or مَظْلِمَة (maẓlima) or مَظْلَمَة (maẓlama) or ظِلَام (ẓilām))

1. to wrong, to treat unjustly, to oppress
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 42:42:

     إِنَّمَا السَّبِيلُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَظْلِمُونَ النَّاسَ وَيَبْغُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ

     ʔinnamā s-sabīlu ʕalā llaḏīna yaẓlimūna an-nāsa wayabḡūna fī l-ʔarḍi biḡayri l-ḥaqqi ʔulāʔika lahum ʕaḏābun ʔalīmun

     Indeed, the blame lieth only upon those ones who oppress [their fellow] Man, and who are insolent throughout the earth without any right whatsoever. They are those for whom a punishment most painful [will suffice].

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ظَلَمَ (I, sound, a ~ i, full passive, verbal nouns ظَلْم, ظُلْم, مَظْلِمَة, مَظْلَمَة, ظِلَام)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						ظَلْم, ظُلْم, مَظْلِمَة, مَظْلَمَة, ظِلَام ẓalm, ẓulm, maẓlima, maẓlama, ẓilām
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						ظَالِم ẓālim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَظْلُوم maẓlūm
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	ظَلَمْتُ ẓalamtu	ظَلَمْتَ ẓalamta	ظَلَمَ ẓalama		ظَلَمْتُمَا ẓalamtumā	ظَلَمَا ẓalamā		ظَلَمْنَا ẓalamnā	ظَلَمْتُمْ ẓalamtum	ظَلَمُوا ẓalamū
	f		ظَلَمْتِ ẓalamti	ظَلَمَتْ ẓalamat			ظَلَمَتَا ẓalamatā			ظَلَمْتُنَّ ẓalamtunna	ظَلَمْنَ ẓalamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَظْلِمُ ʔaẓlimu	تَظْلِمُ taẓlimu	يَظْلِمُ yaẓlimu		تَظْلِمَانِ taẓlimāni	يَظْلِمَانِ yaẓlimāni		نَظْلِمُ naẓlimu	تَظْلِمُونَ taẓlimūna	يَظْلِمُونَ yaẓlimūna
	f		تَظْلِمِينَ taẓlimīna	تَظْلِمُ taẓlimu			تَظْلِمَانِ taẓlimāni			تَظْلِمْنَ taẓlimna	يَظْلِمْنَ yaẓlimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَظْلِمَ ʔaẓlima	تَظْلِمَ taẓlima	يَظْلِمَ yaẓlima		تَظْلِمَا taẓlimā	يَظْلِمَا yaẓlimā		نَظْلِمَ naẓlima	تَظْلِمُوا taẓlimū	يَظْلِمُوا yaẓlimū
	f		تَظْلِمِي taẓlimī	تَظْلِمَ taẓlima			تَظْلِمَا taẓlimā			تَظْلِمْنَ taẓlimna	يَظْلِمْنَ yaẓlimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَظْلِمْ ʔaẓlim	تَظْلِمْ taẓlim	يَظْلِمْ yaẓlim		تَظْلِمَا taẓlimā	يَظْلِمَا yaẓlimā		نَظْلِمْ naẓlim	تَظْلِمُوا taẓlimū	يَظْلِمُوا yaẓlimū
	f		تَظْلِمِي taẓlimī	تَظْلِمْ taẓlim			تَظْلِمَا taẓlimā			تَظْلِمْنَ taẓlimna	يَظْلِمْنَ yaẓlimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِظْلِمْ iẓlim			اِظْلِمَا iẓlimā				اِظْلِمُوا iẓlimū
	f		اِظْلِمِي iẓlimī							اِظْلِمْنَ iẓlimna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	ظُلِمْتُ ẓulimtu	ظُلِمْتَ ẓulimta	ظُلِمَ ẓulima		ظُلِمْتُمَا ẓulimtumā	ظُلِمَا ẓulimā		ظُلِمْنَا ẓulimnā	ظُلِمْتُمْ ẓulimtum	ظُلِمُوا ẓulimū
	f		ظُلِمْتِ ẓulimti	ظُلِمَتْ ẓulimat			ظُلِمَتَا ẓulimatā			ظُلِمْتُنَّ ẓulimtunna	ظُلِمْنَ ẓulimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُظْلَمُ ʔuẓlamu	تُظْلَمُ tuẓlamu	يُظْلَمُ yuẓlamu		تُظْلَمَانِ tuẓlamāni	يُظْلَمَانِ yuẓlamāni		نُظْلَمُ nuẓlamu	تُظْلَمُونَ tuẓlamūna	يُظْلَمُونَ yuẓlamūna
	f		تُظْلَمِينَ tuẓlamīna	تُظْلَمُ tuẓlamu			تُظْلَمَانِ tuẓlamāni			تُظْلَمْنَ tuẓlamna	يُظْلَمْنَ yuẓlamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُظْلَمَ ʔuẓlama	تُظْلَمَ tuẓlama	يُظْلَمَ yuẓlama		تُظْلَمَا tuẓlamā	يُظْلَمَا yuẓlamā		نُظْلَمَ nuẓlama	تُظْلَمُوا tuẓlamū	يُظْلَمُوا yuẓlamū
	f		تُظْلَمِي tuẓlamī	تُظْلَمَ tuẓlama			تُظْلَمَا tuẓlamā			تُظْلَمْنَ tuẓlamna	يُظْلَمْنَ yuẓlamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُظْلَمْ ʔuẓlam	تُظْلَمْ tuẓlam	يُظْلَمْ yuẓlam		تُظْلَمَا tuẓlamā	يُظْلَمَا yuẓlamā		نُظْلَمْ nuẓlam	تُظْلَمُوا tuẓlamū	يُظْلَمُوا yuẓlamū
	f		تُظْلَمِي tuẓlamī	تُظْلَمْ tuẓlam			تُظْلَمَا tuẓlamā			تُظْلَمْنَ tuẓlamna	يُظْلَمْنَ yuẓlamna

References

• Lane, Edward William (1863) “ظلم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[1], London: Williams & Norgate

Verb

ظَلِمَ • (ẓalima) I (non-past يَظْلَمُ (yaẓlamu), verbal noun ظَلَم (ẓalam))

1. to become dark

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ظَلِمَ (I, sound, i ~ a, no passive, verbal noun ظَلَم)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						ظَلَم ẓalam
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						ظَلِم ẓalim
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	ظَلِمْتُ ẓalimtu	ظَلِمْتَ ẓalimta	ظَلِمَ ẓalima		ظَلِمْتُمَا ẓalimtumā	ظَلِمَا ẓalimā		ظَلِمْنَا ẓalimnā	ظَلِمْتُمْ ẓalimtum	ظَلِمُوا ẓalimū
	f		ظَلِمْتِ ẓalimti	ظَلِمَتْ ẓalimat			ظَلِمَتَا ẓalimatā			ظَلِمْتُنَّ ẓalimtunna	ظَلِمْنَ ẓalimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَظْلَمُ ʔaẓlamu	تَظْلَمُ taẓlamu	يَظْلَمُ yaẓlamu		تَظْلَمَانِ taẓlamāni	يَظْلَمَانِ yaẓlamāni		نَظْلَمُ naẓlamu	تَظْلَمُونَ taẓlamūna	يَظْلَمُونَ yaẓlamūna
	f		تَظْلَمِينَ taẓlamīna	تَظْلَمُ taẓlamu			تَظْلَمَانِ taẓlamāni			تَظْلَمْنَ taẓlamna	يَظْلَمْنَ yaẓlamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَظْلَمَ ʔaẓlama	تَظْلَمَ taẓlama	يَظْلَمَ yaẓlama		تَظْلَمَا taẓlamā	يَظْلَمَا yaẓlamā		نَظْلَمَ naẓlama	تَظْلَمُوا taẓlamū	يَظْلَمُوا yaẓlamū
	f		تَظْلَمِي taẓlamī	تَظْلَمَ taẓlama			تَظْلَمَا taẓlamā			تَظْلَمْنَ taẓlamna	يَظْلَمْنَ yaẓlamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَظْلَمْ ʔaẓlam	تَظْلَمْ taẓlam	يَظْلَمْ yaẓlam		تَظْلَمَا taẓlamā	يَظْلَمَا yaẓlamā		نَظْلَمْ naẓlam	تَظْلَمُوا taẓlamū	يَظْلَمُوا yaẓlamū
	f		تَظْلَمِي taẓlamī	تَظْلَمْ taẓlam			تَظْلَمَا taẓlamā			تَظْلَمْنَ taẓlamna	يَظْلَمْنَ yaẓlamna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِظْلَمْ iẓlam			اِظْلَمَا iẓlamā				اِظْلَمُوا iẓlamū
	f		اِظْلَمِي iẓlamī							اِظْلَمْنَ iẓlamna

Verb

ظَلَّمَ • (ẓallama) II (non-past يُظَلِّمُ (yuẓallimu), verbal noun تَظْلِيم (taẓlīm))

1. to be in the least unjust

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ظَلَّمَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَظْلِيم)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَظْلِيم taẓlīm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُظَلِّم muẓallim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُظَلَّم muẓallam
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	ظَلَّمْتُ ẓallamtu	ظَلَّمْتَ ẓallamta	ظَلَّمَ ẓallama		ظَلَّمْتُمَا ẓallamtumā	ظَلَّمَا ẓallamā		ظَلَّمْنَا ẓallamnā	ظَلَّمْتُمْ ẓallamtum	ظَلَّمُوا ẓallamū
	f		ظَلَّمْتِ ẓallamti	ظَلَّمَتْ ẓallamat			ظَلَّمَتَا ẓallamatā			ظَلَّمْتُنَّ ẓallamtunna	ظَلَّمْنَ ẓallamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُظَلِّمُ ʔuẓallimu	تُظَلِّمُ tuẓallimu	يُظَلِّمُ yuẓallimu		تُظَلِّمَانِ tuẓallimāni	يُظَلِّمَانِ yuẓallimāni		نُظَلِّمُ nuẓallimu	تُظَلِّمُونَ tuẓallimūna	يُظَلِّمُونَ yuẓallimūna
	f		تُظَلِّمِينَ tuẓallimīna	تُظَلِّمُ tuẓallimu			تُظَلِّمَانِ tuẓallimāni			تُظَلِّمْنَ tuẓallimna	يُظَلِّمْنَ yuẓallimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُظَلِّمَ ʔuẓallima	تُظَلِّمَ tuẓallima	يُظَلِّمَ yuẓallima		تُظَلِّمَا tuẓallimā	يُظَلِّمَا yuẓallimā		نُظَلِّمَ nuẓallima	تُظَلِّمُوا tuẓallimū	يُظَلِّمُوا yuẓallimū
	f		تُظَلِّمِي tuẓallimī	تُظَلِّمَ tuẓallima			تُظَلِّمَا tuẓallimā			تُظَلِّمْنَ tuẓallimna	يُظَلِّمْنَ yuẓallimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُظَلِّمْ ʔuẓallim	تُظَلِّمْ tuẓallim	يُظَلِّمْ yuẓallim		تُظَلِّمَا tuẓallimā	يُظَلِّمَا yuẓallimā		نُظَلِّمْ nuẓallim	تُظَلِّمُوا tuẓallimū	يُظَلِّمُوا yuẓallimū
	f		تُظَلِّمِي tuẓallimī	تُظَلِّمْ tuẓallim			تُظَلِّمَا tuẓallimā			تُظَلِّمْنَ tuẓallimna	يُظَلِّمْنَ yuẓallimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		ظَلِّمْ ẓallim			ظَلِّمَا ẓallimā				ظَلِّمُوا ẓallimū
	f		ظَلِّمِي ẓallimī							ظَلِّمْنَ ẓallimna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	ظُلِّمْتُ ẓullimtu	ظُلِّمْتَ ẓullimta	ظُلِّمَ ẓullima		ظُلِّمْتُمَا ẓullimtumā	ظُلِّمَا ẓullimā		ظُلِّمْنَا ẓullimnā	ظُلِّمْتُمْ ẓullimtum	ظُلِّمُوا ẓullimū
	f		ظُلِّمْتِ ẓullimti	ظُلِّمَتْ ẓullimat			ظُلِّمَتَا ẓullimatā			ظُلِّمْتُنَّ ẓullimtunna	ظُلِّمْنَ ẓullimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُظَلَّمُ ʔuẓallamu	تُظَلَّمُ tuẓallamu	يُظَلَّمُ yuẓallamu		تُظَلَّمَانِ tuẓallamāni	يُظَلَّمَانِ yuẓallamāni		نُظَلَّمُ nuẓallamu	تُظَلَّمُونَ tuẓallamūna	يُظَلَّمُونَ yuẓallamūna
	f		تُظَلَّمِينَ tuẓallamīna	تُظَلَّمُ tuẓallamu			تُظَلَّمَانِ tuẓallamāni			تُظَلَّمْنَ tuẓallamna	يُظَلَّمْنَ yuẓallamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُظَلَّمَ ʔuẓallama	تُظَلَّمَ tuẓallama	يُظَلَّمَ yuẓallama		تُظَلَّمَا tuẓallamā	يُظَلَّمَا yuẓallamā		نُظَلَّمَ nuẓallama	تُظَلَّمُوا tuẓallamū	يُظَلَّمُوا yuẓallamū
	f		تُظَلَّمِي tuẓallamī	تُظَلَّمَ tuẓallama			تُظَلَّمَا tuẓallamā			تُظَلَّمْنَ tuẓallamna	يُظَلَّمْنَ yuẓallamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُظَلَّمْ ʔuẓallam	تُظَلَّمْ tuẓallam	يُظَلَّمْ yuẓallam		تُظَلَّمَا tuẓallamā	يُظَلَّمَا yuẓallamā		نُظَلَّمْ nuẓallam	تُظَلَّمُوا tuẓallamū	يُظَلَّمُوا yuẓallamū
	f		تُظَلَّمِي tuẓallamī	تُظَلَّمْ tuẓallam			تُظَلَّمَا tuẓallamā			تُظَلَّمْنَ tuẓallamna	يُظَلَّمْنَ yuẓallamna

Noun

ظُلْم • (ẓulm) m

1. verbal noun of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) (form I)
2. wrong, wrongdoing, injustice, injuriousness, tyranny

Declension

Declension of noun ظُلْم (ẓulm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	ظُلْم ẓulm	الظُّلْم aẓ-ẓulm	ظُلْم ẓulm
Nominative	ظُلْمٌ ẓulmun	الظُّلْمُ aẓ-ẓulmu	ظُلْمُ ẓulmu
Accusative	ظُلْمًا ẓulman	الظُّلْمَ aẓ-ẓulma	ظُلْمَ ẓulma
Genitive	ظُلْمٍ ẓulmin	الظُّلْمِ aẓ-ẓulmi	ظُلْمِ ẓulmi

Synonyms

• جَوْر (jawr)

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: zülm
• → Classical Persian: ظُلْم (zulm)
  • → Chagatai:
    • Uyghur: زۇلۇم (zulum)
    • Uzbek: zulm
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: ज़ुल्म (zulm)

    Urdu: ظُلْم (zulm)

• → Ottoman Turkish: ظلم (zulm, zulüm)
  • Turkish: zulüm
  • → Albanian: zullum
  • → Armenian: զուլում (zulum)
  • → Bulgarian: зулу́м (zulúm), золу́м (zolúm), залу́м (zalúm), золу́н (zolún)
  • → Greek: ζουλούμι (zouloúmi)
  • → Macedonian: зулум (zulum)
  • → Romanian: zulum
  • → Serbo-Croatian: zùlum, зу̀лум
• → Somali: dulmi
• → Swahili: dhuluma
• → Turkmen: zulum

References

• Lane, Edward William (1863) “ظلم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[2], London: Williams & Norgate

Noun

ظُلَم • (ẓulam) f pl

1. plural of ظُلْمَة (ẓulma)

Noun

ظَلْم • (ẓalm) m

1. verbal noun of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun ظَلْم (ẓalm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	ظَلْم ẓalm	الظَّلْم aẓ-ẓalm	ظَلْم ẓalm
Nominative	ظَلْمٌ ẓalmun	الظَّلْمُ aẓ-ẓalmu	ظَلْمُ ẓalmu
Accusative	ظَلْمًا ẓalman	الظَّلْمَ aẓ-ẓalma	ظَلْمَ ẓalma
Genitive	ظَلْمٍ ẓalmin	الظَّلْمِ aẓ-ẓalmi	ظَلْمِ ẓalmi

Hijazi Arabic

Root
ظ ل م
1 term

Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Arabic ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zˤa.lam/, /ðˤa.lam/

Verb

ظَلَم • (ẓalam) I (non-past يِظْلُم (yiẓlum))

1. to wrong, to treat unjustly, to oppress

Conjugation

Conjugation of ظلم (ẓalam)
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	ظلمت (ẓalamt)	ظلمت (ẓalamt)	ظلم (ẓalam)		ظلمنا (ẓalamna)	ظلمتوا (ẓalamtu)	ظلموا (ẓalamu)
	f		ظلمتي (ẓalamti)	ظلمت (ẓalamat)
non-past	m	أظلم (ʔaẓlum)	تظلم (tiẓlum)	يظلم (yiẓlum)		نظلم (niẓlum)	تظلموا (tiẓlumu)	يظلموا (yiẓlumu)
	f		تظلمي (tiẓlumi)	تظلم (tiẓlum)
imperative	m		اظلم (aẓlum)				اظلموا (aẓlumu)
	f		اظلمي (aẓlumi)

Etymology 2

From Arabic ظَلَّمَ (ẓallama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dˤal.lam/, /ðˤal.lam/

Verb

ظَلَّمْ • (ḍallam) II (non-past يِظَلِّم (yiḍallim))

1. to get dark

Conjugation

Conjugation of ظلم (ḍallam)
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	ظلمت (ḍallamt)	ظلمت (ḍallamt)	ظلم (ḍallam)		ظلمنا (ḍallamna)	ظلمتوا (ḍallamtu)	ظلموا (ḍallamu)
	f		ظلمتي (ḍallamti)	ظلمت (ḍallamat)
non-past	m	أظلم (ʔaḍallim)	تظلم (tiḍallim)	يظلم (yiḍallim)		نظلم (niḍallim)	تظلموا (tiḍallimu)	يظلموا (yiḍallimu)
	f		تظلمي (tiḍallimi)	تظلم (tiḍallim)
imperative	m		ظلم (ḍallim)				ظلموا (ḍallimu)
	f		ظلمي (ḍallimi)

Etymology 3

Learned borrowing from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zˤulm/, /ðˤulm/

Noun

ظلم • (ẓulm) m

1. injustice, injuriousness, tyranny

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm, “wrongdoing, injustice”).

Noun

ظلم • (zulm or zulüm) (definite accusative ظلمی (zulümü), plural ظلملر (zulümler))

1. wrongdoing, injustice, wrong, the violation of the rights of another person or people

   Synonym: جور (cevr)

2. tyranny, despotism, autocracy, a government in which a single ruler has absolute power

   Synonym: جور (cevr)

3. oppression, the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner

   Synonym: جور (cevr)

Derived terms

• ظلم ایتمك (zulüm etmek, “to tyrannize”)
• ظلمكار (zulümkâr, “wrongful”)
• ظلمی (zulmî, “wrongful”)

 

Descendants

• Turkish: zulüm
• → Albanian: zullum
• → Armenian: զուլում (zulum)
• → Bulgarian: зулу́м (zulúm), золу́м (zolúm), залу́м (zalúm), золу́н (zolún)
• → Greek: ζουλούμι (zouloúmi)
• → Macedonian: зулум (zulum)
• → Romanian: zulum
• → Serbo-Croatian: zùlum, зу̀лум

Further reading

• Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886) “ظلم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 337
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “zulm”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[3] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1433
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “ظلم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[4], Constantinople: Mihran, page 831
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Injustitia”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[5], Vienna, column 816
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “ظلم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[6], Vienna, column 3174
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “zulüm”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ظلم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[7], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1271

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ˈzulm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [zʊ́lm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [zʊ́lm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [zʊ́lm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [zúlm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [zólm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [zúlm]

Readings
Classical reading?	zulm
Dari reading?	zulm
Iranian reading?	zolm
Tajik reading?	zulm

Noun

ظلم • (zulm／zolm)

1. cruelty, injustice, inhumanity
2. oppression, tyranny
3. (verbal noun) oppressing

Derived terms

• ظلم آمیز (zulm āmēz／zolm âmiz)

 

Descendants

• → Chagatai:
  • Uyghur: زۇلۇم (zulum)
  • Uzbek: zulm
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: ज़ुल्म (zulm)

  Urdu: ظُلْم (zulm)

Further reading

• Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “ظلم”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 250
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “ظلم”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “ظلم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
• “ظلم”, in قاموس کبیر افغانستان [qāmūs-i kabīr-i afğānistān, The Great Dictionary of Afghanistan] (in Persian), Afghan Dictionary, 2023

South Levantine Arabic

Root
ظ ل م
1 term

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zˤa.lam/, [ˈzˤɑ.lɑm]

• Audio (al-Lidd):

  (file)

Verb

ظلم • (ẓalam) I (present بظلم (boẓlom), passive participle مظلوم (maẓlūm))

1. to wrong, to treat unjustly
2. to oppress

Conjugation

Conjugation of ظلم (ẓalam)
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	ظلمت (ẓalamt)	ظلمت (ẓalamt)	ظلم (ẓalam)		ظلمنا (ẓalamna)	ظلمتو (ẓalamtu)	ظلمو (ẓalamu)
	f		ظلمتي (ẓalamti)	ظلمت (ẓalmat)
present	m	بظلم (baẓlom)	بتظلم (btoẓlom)	بظلم (boẓlom)		منظلم (mnoẓlom)	بتظلمو (btoẓlomu)	بظلمو (boẓlomu)
	f		بتظلمي (btoẓlomi)	بتظلم (btoẓlom)
subjunctive	m	أظلم (ʔaẓlom)	تظلم (toẓlom)	يظلم (yoẓlom)		نظلم (noẓlom)	تظلمو (toẓlomu)	يظلمو (yoẓlomu)
	f		تظلمي (toẓlomi)	تظلم (toẓlom)
imperative	m		اظلم (oẓlom)				اظلمو (oẓlomu)
	f		اظلمي (oẓlomi)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ظُلْم (zulm, “injustice”), from Arabic ظُلْم (ẓulm)).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /zʊlm/
• Rhymes: -ʊlm

Noun

ظُلْم • (zulm) m (Hindi spelling ज़ुल्म)

1. wrongdoing, misdeed, injustice

   Synonym: ناانصافی (nāinsāfī)

2. tyranny, oppression

   Synonym: جبر (jabr)

Declension

Declension of ظلم
	singular	plural
direct	ظُلم (zulm)	ظُلم (zulm)
oblique	ظُلم (zulm)	ظُلموں (zulmō̃)
vocative	ظُلم (zulm)	ظُلمو (zulmō)

Related terms

• ظالم (zālim, “tyrant; oppressor”)

References

• “ظلم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “ظلم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.