आप

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁t-

Proto-Indo-European *-mō

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁tmō

Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā

Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman)

Prakrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧 (appa)

Hindi आप (āp)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 (appā, nom.sg), from Sanskrit आत्मा (ātmā, “soul, spirit; self”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *HáHtmā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath, spirit”), from *h₁eh₁t- (“to breathe”) +‎ *-mō. Cognate with Gujarati આપું (āpũ), Nepali आंत (ānta), Marathi आपण (āpaṇ), Bengali আপনি (apni), Sinhalese අපි (api). Compare Kamkata-viri amú (“self”), Dhivehi އަހަރެން (aharen̊). Distantly cognate with Old English ǣþm, Dutch adem (“breath”), and German Atem (“breath”).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɑːp/, [äːp]

Pronoun

आप • (āp) (Urdu spelling آپ)

1. ye, you (formal, polite and grammatically plural)

   क्या आपको मेरी मदद की ज़रूरत है?

   kyā āpko merī madad kī zarūrat hai?

   Do you need my help?

   आपका दिन कैसा था पिताजी?

   āpkā din kaisā thā pitājī?

   How was your day, father?

2. (in some phrases, now obsolete) self

   अपने आप ― apne āp ― oneself

   अपना ― apnā ― one's own

Usage notes

• आप (āp) is the most formal way of expressing "you" in Hindi and is used when addressing elders or those higher in social status. Because less formal forms could offend others, आप (āp) is the safest way to express "you" unless there is reason to be less formal.
• Because आप (āp) is grammatically plural (adjectives and verbs etc affected by it take their plural forms) even when there is only one person being referred to, the term आप लोग (āp log) (literally: you people) can be used to specify that more than one person is being referred to because of T-V distinction.

Declension

Pronoun declension of आप

direct	आप āp
indirect	आप āp
ergative	आपने āpne
genitive	आपका āpkā
dative	आपको āpko
instrumental/ablative	आपसे āpse
inessive	आपमें āpmẽ
adessive	आपपे, आपपर āppe, āppar
terminative	आपतक āptak
semblative	आपसा āpsā

See also

• तुम (tum, “you”) (formal)
• तू (tū, “you”) (informal)

See also

• तुम (tum) (mid level formality, grammatically plural)
• तू (tū) (complete lack of formality, grammatically singular)

References

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “आप”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “आप”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Old Marathi

Etymology

From Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ).

Noun

आप (āpa) m (Modi 𑘁𑘢)

1. water

References

• Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “आप”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• āpa (Latin script)
• 𑀆𑀧 (Brahmi script)
• আপ (Bengali script)
• ආප (Sinhalese script)
• အာပ or ဢႃပ (Burmese script)
• อาป or อาปะ (Thai script)
• ᩋᩣᨷ (Tai Tham script)
• ອາປ or ອາປະ (Lao script)
• អាប (Khmer script)
• 𑄃𑄂𑄛 (Chakma script)

Noun

आप n

1. Devanagari script form of āpa (“water”)

Declension

Declension table of "आप" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	आपं (āpaṃ) or आपो (āpo)	आपानि (āpāni)
Accusative (second)	आपं (āpaṃ) or आपो (āpo)	आपानि (āpāni)
Instrumental (third)	आपेन (āpena)	आपेहि (āpehi) or आपेभि (āpebhi)
Dative (fourth)	आपस्स (āpassa) or आपाय (āpāya) or आपत्थं (āpatthaṃ)	आपानं (āpānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	आपस्मा (āpasmā) or आपम्हा (āpamhā) or आपा (āpā)	आपेहि (āpehi) or आपेभि (āpebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	आपस्स (āpassa)	आपानं (āpānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	आपस्मिं (āpasmiṃ) or आपम्हि (āpamhi) or आपे (āpe)	आपेसु (āpesu)
Vocative (calling)	आप (āpa) or आपो (āpo)	आपानि (āpāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• আপ (Assamese script)
• ᬆᬧ (Balinese script)
• আপ (Bengali script)
• 𑰁𑰢 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀆𑀧 (Brahmi script)
• အာပ (Burmese script)
• આપ (Gujarati script)
• ਆਪ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌆𑌪 (Grantha script)
• ꦄꦴꦥ (Javanese script)
• 𑂄𑂣 (Kaithi script)
• ಆಪ (Kannada script)
• អាប (Khmer script)
• ອາປ (Lao script)
• ആപ (Malayalam script)
• ᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢒᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘁𑘢 (Modi script)
• ᠠᢗᢒᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦡𑧂 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐁𑐥 (Newa script)
• ଆପ (Odia script)
• ꢃꢦ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆄𑆥 (Sharada script)
• 𑖁𑖢 (Siddham script)
• ආප (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩛𑩰 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚁𑚞 (Takri script)
• ஆப (Tamil script)
• ఆప (Telugu script)
• อาป (Thai script)
• ཨཱ་པ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒂𑒣 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨊𑨞 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁e-h₁óp-e ~ *h₁e-h₁p-ḗr, from *h₁ep-.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɑ́ː.pɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɑː.pɐ/

Verb

आप • (ā́pa) third-singular indicative (type P, perfect, root आप्)

1. perfect of आप् (āp, “to reach”)

Conjugation

Perfect: आप (ā́pa), आपे (āpé)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	आप ā́pa	आपतुः āpátuḥ	आपुः āpúḥ	आपे āpé	आपाते āpā́te	आपिरे āpiré
Second	आपिथ ā́pitha	आपथुः āpáthuḥ	आप āpá	आपिषे āpiṣé	आपाथे āpā́the	आपिध्वे āpidhvé
First	आप ā́pa	आपिव āpivá	आपिम āpimá	आपे āpé	आपिवहे āpiváhe	आपिमहे āpimáhe
Participles
	आपिवांस् āpivā́ṃs			आपान āpāná

References

• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 237