शिव

See also: श्वा and शव

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिव (śiva).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃɪʋ/
• (mimicking Sanskrit) (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃɪ.ʋɑː/, [ʃɪ.ʋäː]

Proper noun

शिव • (śiv) m

1. (Hinduism) Shiva (the destroying and reproducing deity, third god of the Hindu trinity)

Declension

Declension of शिव (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	शिव śiv
oblique	शिव śiv
vocative	शिव śiv

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• শিৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬰᬶᬯ (Balinese script)
• শিব (Bengali script)
• 𑰫𑰰𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀰𑀺𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ၐိဝ (Burmese script)
• શિવ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ਼ਿਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌶𑌿𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦯꦶꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂬𑂱𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಶಿವ (Kannada script)
• ឝិវ (Khmer script)
• ຨິວ (Lao script)
• ശിവ (Malayalam script)
• ᡧᡳᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘫𑘱𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠱᠢᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧋𑧒𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐱𑐶𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଶିଵ (Odia script)
• ꢯꢶꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆯𑆴𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖫𑖰𑖪 (Siddham script)
• ශිව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩿𑩑𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚧𑚮𑚦 (Takri script)
• ஶிவ (Tamil script)
• శివ (Telugu script)
• ศิว (Thai script)
• ཤི་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒬𑒱𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨮𑨁𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

According to the Uṇādi-sūtra i, 153, from verbal root शी (śī, “to lie down”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-. Alternatively from श्वि (śvi, “to swell”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-; compare शवस् (śavas, “strength, superiority”), सुशिश्वि (suśiśvi, “growing well”); cognate with Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”).

An earlier deity, रुद्र (rudra, “Rudra”), was often described with the adjective शिव (śivá, “auspicious”). शिव-रुद्र (śiva-rudra) was eventually shortened to शिव (śiva) in later Sanskrit, the name of the deity worshipped today.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕi.ʋɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɕi.ʋɐ/

Proper noun

शिव • (śiva) stem, m

1. (Hinduism) Shiva (the destroying and reproducing deity, third god of the Hindu trinity)

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:शिव

   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 12.926.19:

     ततो हरो जटी स्थाणुर्देवोऽध्वरपतिः शिवः।
     जगाम शरणं देवो ब्रह्माणं परमेष्ठिनम॥

     tato haro jaṭī sthāṇurdevoʼdhvarapatiḥ śivaḥ.
     jagāma śaraṇaṃ devo brahmāṇaṃ parameṣṭhinama.

   • c. 900 CE – 1500, Śiva Purāṇa 4.42.13:

     अन्ये च ये समुत्पन्ना यथानुक्रमतो लयम् ॥
     यांति नैव तथा रुद्रः शिवे रुद्रो विलीयते ॥

     anye ca ye samutpannā yathānukramato layam.
     yāṃti naiva tathā rudraḥ śive rudro vilīyate.

     Other beings and gods who are born get dissolved in due order but not so Rudra. Rudra gets merged in Śiva.

2. a second Shiva; especially emancipated; a class of such Brahmans
3. (in the dual) Shiva and his wife
4. a male given name

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव (śiva)
	Singular
Nominative	शिवः śivaḥ
Vocative	शिव śiva
Accusative	शिवम् śivam
Instrumental	शिवेन śivena
Dative	शिवाय śivāya
Ablative	शिवात् śivāt
Genitive	शिवस्य śivasya
Locative	शिवे śive

Derived terms

• शिवबीज (śivabīja)
• शिवलिङ्ग (śivaliṅga, “phallic image of Shiva”)
• शिवा (śivā)
• शिवोऽहम् (śivoʼham, “"I am Shiva", a mantra”)
• शैव (śaiva, “Shaivism”)
• ॐ नमः शिवाय (oṃ namaḥ śivāya)

Adjective

शिव • (śivá) stem

1. auspicious, favourable

   शिवम् ― śivám ― kindly, tenderly'

2. happy, fortunate

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव (śivá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवः śiváḥ	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivaú / śivā́¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śivā́ḥ / śivā́saḥ¹
Vocative	शिव śíva	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śívau / śívā¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śívāḥ / śívāsaḥ¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivám	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivaú / śivā́¹	शिवान् śivā́n
Instrumental	शिवेन śivéna	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaíḥ / śivébhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivā́ya	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivā́t	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivásya	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवानाम् śivā́nām
Locative	शिवे śivé	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवेषु śivéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of शिवा (śivā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवा śivā́	शिवे śivé	शिवाः śivā́ḥ
Vocative	शिवे śíve	शिवे śíve	शिवाः śívāḥ
Accusative	शिवाम् śivā́m	शिवे śivé	शिवाः śivā́ḥ
Instrumental	शिवया / शिवा¹ śiváyā / śivā́¹	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवाभिः śivā́bhiḥ
Dative	शिवायै śivā́yai	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवाभ्यः śivā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवायाः / शिवायै² śivā́yāḥ / śivā́yai²	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवाभ्यः śivā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवायाः / शिवायै² śivā́yāḥ / śivā́yai²	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवानाम् śivā́nām
Locative	शिवायाम् śivā́yām	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवासु śivā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of शिव (śivá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवम् śivám	शिवे śivé	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivā́ni / śivā́¹
Vocative	शिव śíva	शिवे śíve	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śívāni / śívā¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivám	शिवे śivé	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivā́ni / śivā́¹
Instrumental	शिवेन śivéna	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaíḥ / śivébhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivā́ya	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivā́t	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivásya	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवानाम् śivā́nām
Locative	शिवे śivé	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवेषु śivéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

शिव • (śivá) stem, m or n

1. m happiness, welfare
2. m liberation, final emancipation
3. n welfare, prosperity, bliss

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव (śivá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवः śiváḥ	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivaú / śivā́¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śivā́ḥ / śivā́saḥ¹
Vocative	शिव śíva	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śívau / śívā¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śívāḥ / śívāsaḥ¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivám	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivaú / śivā́¹	शिवान् śivā́n
Instrumental	शिवेन śivéna	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaíḥ / śivébhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivā́ya	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivā́t	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivásya	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवानाम् śivā́nām
Locative	शिवे śivé	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवेषु śivéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of शिव (śivá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवम् śivám	शिवे śivé	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivā́ni / śivā́¹
Vocative	शिव śíva	शिवे śíve	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śívāni / śívā¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivám	शिवे śivé	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivā́ni / śivā́¹
Instrumental	शिवेन śivéna	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaíḥ / śivébhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivā́ya	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivā́t	शिवाभ्याम् śivā́bhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivébhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivásya	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवानाम् śivā́nām
Locative	शिवे śivé	शिवयोः śiváyoḥ	शिवेषु śivéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: শিৱ (xiw)
• Bengali: শিব (śibo)
• → Chinese: 濕婆 / 湿婆 (Shīpó)
• Marathi: शिव (śiv)
• Gujarati: શિવ (śiv)
• Hindi: शिव (śiv)
• → Javanese: Siwah
• → Kannada: ಶಿವ (śiva)
• → Khmer: សិវៈ (sevaʼ), សូលី (soulii)
• Odia: ଶିବ (śiba)
• Tamil: சிவன் (civaṉ)
• Pali: Siva
  • → Burmese: သိဝ (si.wa.)
  • → Thai: ศิวะ (sì-wá)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “शिव”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1074.