夏至

Chinese

		summer	extremity
trad. (夏至)		夏	至
simp. #(夏至)		夏	至

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xiàzhì

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄓˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xia⁴ zi⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haa⁶ zi³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ha⁵ zi¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): ha⁵ zi⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ha-chṳ

  (Hailu, HRS): ha^˖ zhi^ˇ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ha⁴ zi⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): xia³ zi³
• Northern Min (KCR): hā-ci̿
• Eastern Min (BUC): hâ-cé
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha⁵ zi⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hā-chì / hē-chì / hēe-chì

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hê⁷ zi³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gho-tsy
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia⁵ zhr⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàzhì
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄓˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàjhìh
    • Wade–Giles: hsia⁴-chih⁴
    • Yale: syà-jr̀
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahjyh
    • Palladius: сячжи (sjačži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xia⁴ zi⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiaz
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia²¹³ t͡sz̩²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haa⁶ zi³
    • Yale: hah ji
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ dzi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ ji³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²² t͡siː³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ha⁵ zi¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha³² t͡si³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: ha⁵ zi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha¹¹ t͡sz̩³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-chṳ
    • Hakka Romanization System: ha zii
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴ zi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: ha^˖ zhi^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /ha³³ t͡ʃi¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ha⁴ zi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xia³ zi³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā-ci̿
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xa⁵⁵ t͡si³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ-cé
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^(t͡s-)ʒɛi²¹³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ha⁵ zi⁴ [Phonetic: ha¹ li⁴]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hā-ci̍
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ^(t͡s-)li⁴²/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ha⁵ zi⁴ [Phonetic: ha¹ li⁴]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha²¹⁻⁵⁵ ^(t͡s-)li⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-chì
    • Tâi-lô: hā-tsì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haxcix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹⁻²² t͡si⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē-chì
    • Tâi-lô: hē-tsì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hexcix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹⁻²² t͡si⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /he³³⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²²⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-chì
    • Tâi-lô: hēe-tsì
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hê⁷ zi³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hē tsì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /he¹¹ t͡si²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gho-tsy
    • MiniDict: gho^去 tsy
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hho-tsr
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: xia⁵ zhr⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: haeX|haeH tsyijH

Rime
Character	夏	夏	至
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	麻 (98)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II	III
Fanqie	胡雅切	胡駕切	脂利切
Baxter	haeX	haeH	tsyijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠaX/	/ɦˠaH/	/t͡ɕiɪH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚaX/	/ɦᵚaH/	/t͡ɕiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣaX/	/ɣaH/	/t͡ɕjɪH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨX/	/ɦaɨH/	/ciH/
Li Rong	/ɣaX/	/ɣaH/	/t͡ɕiH/
Wang Li	/ɣaX/	/ɣaH/	/t͡ɕiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣaX/	/ɣaH/	/t͡ɕiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià	xià	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa6	haa6	zi3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ|[ɡ]ˤraʔ  ti[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ|ɡraːs  tjiɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	夏	夏	至
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià	xià	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ hæX ›	‹ hæH ›	‹ tsyijH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/	/*[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ *[ɡ]ˁraʔ-s)	/*ti[t]-s/
English	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization	summer	arrive
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	夏	夏	至
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	13452	13454	17342
Phonetic component	夏	夏	至
Rime group	魚	魚	至
Rime subdivision	0	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	下	暇	至
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːʔ/	/*ɡraːs/	/*tjiɡs/

Noun

夏至

1. summer solstice (one of the solar terms, around June 21st)

Synonyms

• 北至
• 夏節／夏节

Derived terms

• 冬至羊，夏至狗
• 夏至狗，冇埞走

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (夏至):

• → Japanese: 夏至(げし) (geshi)
• → Korean: 하지(夏至) (haji)
• → Vietnamese: hạ chí (夏至)

See also

• 二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
  • Spring: 立春 (Lìchūn)、雨水 (yǔshuǐ)、驚蟄／惊蛰 (Jīngzhé)、春分 (Chūnfēn)、清明 (qīngmíng)、穀雨／谷雨 (Gǔyǔ)
  • Summer: 立夏 (Lìxià)、小滿／小满 (Xiǎomǎn)、芒種／芒种 (mángzhòng)、夏至 (xiàzhì)、小暑 (Xiǎoshǔ)、大暑 (Dàshǔ)
  • Autumn: 立秋 (Lìqiū)、處暑／处暑 (Chǔshǔ)、白露 (báilù)、秋分 (Qiūfēn)、寒露 (Hánlù)、霜降 (Shuāngjiàng)
  • Winter: 立冬 (Lìdōng)、小雪 (xiǎoxuě)、大雪 (dàxuě)、冬至 (dōngzhì)、小寒 (Xiǎohán)、大寒 (Dàhán)

References

• “夏至”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
• “Entry #4867”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
夏	至
げ Grade: 2	し Grade: 6
goon

Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 夏至.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) げし [gèshí] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) げし [géꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
• (Tokyo) げし [gèshíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [ɡe̞ɕi]

Noun

夏(げ)至(し) • (geshi) 

1. summer solstice

See also

• 二(に)十(じゅう)四(し)節(せっ)気(き) (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
  • Spring: 立(りっ)春(しゅん) (Risshun), 雨(う)水(すい) (Usui), 啓(けい)蟄(ちつ) (Keichitsu), 春(しゅん)分(ぶん) (Shunbun), 清(せい)明(めい) (Seimei), 穀(こく)雨(う) (Kokuu)
  • Summer: 立(りっ)夏(か) (Rikka), 小(しょう)満(まん) (Shōman), 芒(ぼう)種(しゅ) (Bōshu), 夏(げ)至(し) (Geshi), 小(しょう)暑(しょ) (Shōsho), 大(たい)暑(しょ) (Taisho)
  • Autumn: 立(りっ)秋(しゅう) (Risshū), 処(しょ)暑(しょ) (Shosho), 白(はく)露(ろ) (Hakuro), 秋(しゅう)分(ぶん) (Shūbun), 寒(かん)露(ろ) (Kanro), 霜(そう)降(こう) (Sōkō)
  • Winter: 立(りっ)冬(とう) (Rittō), 小(しょう)雪(せつ) (Shōsetsu), 大雪(たいせつ) (Taisetsu), 冬(とう)至(じ) (Tōji), 小(しょう)寒(かん) (Shōkan), 大寒(だいかん) (Daikan)

Korean

Hanja in this term
夏	至

Noun

夏至 • (haji) (hangeul 하지)

1. hanja form^? of 하지 (“summer solstice”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
夏	至

Noun

夏至

1. chữ Hán form of hạ chí (“summer solstice”).

See also

• Hai mươi tư tiết khí (𠄩𨒒四節氣, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
  • Spring: Lập xuân (立春)、Vũ thủy (雨水)、Kinh trập (驚蟄)、Xuân phân (春分)、Thanh minh (清明)、Cốc vũ (穀雨)
  • Summer: Lập hạ (立夏)、Tiểu mãn (小滿)、Mang chủng (芒種)、Hạ chí (夏至)、Tiểu thử (小暑)、Đại thử (大暑)
  • Autumn: Lập thu (立秋)、Xử thử (處暑)、Bạch lộ (白露)、Thu phân (秋分)、Hàn lộ (寒露)、Sương giáng (霜降)
  • Winter: Lập đông (立冬)、Tiểu tuyết (小雪)、Đại tuyết (大雪)、Đông chí (冬至)、Tiểu hàn (小寒)、Đại hàn (大寒)