Wiktionary

夏

See also: 复
夏 U+590F, 夏
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-590F
← 夎
[U+590E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夐 →
[U+5910]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

夏 (radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 10247, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 245, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+590F

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 夏
alternative forms
 
昰
夓
𠀼
𠌘
𠍺
𡔰
𡕭
𡕻
𡕾
𡖃
𣋗
𤴞
𧈄
𩖳

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 夏
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
                   
Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
榎 *kraːʔ
廈 *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ
嗄 *sqʰraːs, *qraːds
夏 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意): 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.

Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.

Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.

The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁.

Etymology 1Edit

“great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).
“magnificent colours; variegated”
The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 3hhia - literary.
  • Xiang
    Rime
    Character 夏
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 胡雅切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦᵚaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣaX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦaɨX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣaX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣaX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣaX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xià
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 夏
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xià
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hæX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
    English great; pertaining to Chinese civilization

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 夏
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 13452
    Phonetic
    component         		夏
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		下
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡraːʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    夏

    1. (～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
    2. † (by extension) China; Chinese
    3. † great; grand; magnificent
    4. † magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
    5. † Alternative form of 廈／厦 (shà, “big house”).
    6. A surname​.
    SynonymsEdit
    • (the Xia dynasty):
    See alsoEdit
    Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
    Name Time period Divisions
    Xia
    夏 (～朝, ～代)     		2070 – 1600 BCE
    Shang
    商 (～朝, ～代)
    殷 (～朝, ～代)     		1600 – 1046 BCE
    Zhou
    周 (～朝, ～代)     		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
    西周
    Eastern Zhou
    東周／东周    		 Spring and Autumn period
    春秋
    Warring States period
    戰國／战国
    Qin
    秦 (～朝, ～代)     		221 – 206 BCE
    Han
    漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)     		206 BCE – 220 CE Western Han
    西漢／西汉
    Xin
    新 (～朝)
    Eastern Han
    東漢／东汉
    Three Kingdoms
    三國／三国     		220 – 280 CE Wei
    魏
    Shu
    蜀
    Wu
    吳／吴
    Jin
    晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)     		265 – 420 CE Western Jin
    西晉／西晋
    Eastern Jin
    東晉／东晋
    Southern and Northern dynasties
    南北朝     		420 – 589 CE Northern dynasties
    北朝    		 Northern Wei
    北魏
    Western Wei
    西魏
    Eastern Wei
    東魏／东魏
    Northern Zhou
    北周
    Northern Qi
    北齊／北齐
    Southern dynasties
    南朝    		 Liu Song
    劉宋／刘宋
    Southern Qi
    南齊／南齐
    Liang
    梁 (～朝, ～代)
    Chen
    陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
    Sui
    隋 (～朝, ～代)     		581 – 618 CE
    Tang
    唐 (～朝, ～代)     		618 – 907 CE
    Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
    五代十國／五代十国     		907 – 960 CE
    Liao
    遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)     		907 – 1125 CE
    Song
    宋 (～朝, ～代)     		960 – 1279 CE Northern Song
    北宋
    Southern Song
    南宋
    Western Xia
    西夏     		1038 – 1227 CE
    Jin
    金 (～朝, ～代)     		1115 – 1234 CE
    Western Liao
    西遼／西辽     		1124 – 1218 CE
    Yuan
    元 (～朝, ～代)     		1271 – 1368 CE
    Ming
    明 (～朝, ～代)     		1368 – 1644 CE
    Qing
    清 (～朝, ～代)     		1636 – 1912 CE

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 夏

    Etymology 2Edit

    PronunciationEdit

    Note:
    • hē/hēe - vernacular;
    • hā/hēe - literary.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 3hho - vernacular;
    • 3hhia - literary.
  • Xiang
    Rime
    Character 夏
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 胡駕切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xià
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 夏
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xià
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hæH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ *[ɡ]ˁraʔ-s)
    English summer

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 夏
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 13454
    Phonetic
    component         		夏
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		暇
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡraːs/

    DefinitionsEdit

    夏

    1. summer (season)
    SynonymsEdit
    Dialectal synonyms of 夏天 (“summer”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 夏, 夏日, 夏時
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 夏天, 夏季, 夏日
    Mandarin Beijing 夏天
    Taiwan 夏天
    Harbin 夏天
    Jinan 夏天
    Muping 伏天, 六月兒天
    Luoyang 夏天, 熱天
    Wanrong 熱天, 熱月天, 熱月時候
    Xi'an 夏裡
    Xining 夏天, 夏月天
    Xuzhou 熱天, 夏天
    Yinchuan 夏天
    Lanzhou 夏天, 夏月天
    Ürümqi 夏天
    Wuhan 夏天, 熱天, 夏季, 熱季
    Chengdu 夏天, 夏天家
    Guiyang 夏天, 熱天
    Liuzhou 熱天, 夏天
    Yangzhou 夏天
    Nanjing 熱天, 夏天
    Cantonese Guangzhou 熱天, 夏天
    Hong Kong 夏天, 熱天
    Taishan 熱天
    Dongguan 夏天
    Gan Nanchang 夏天
    Lichuan 熱天
    Pingxiang 熱天
    Hakka Meixian 熱天, 夏天
    Xingning 熱天
    Huidong (Daling) 熱天
    Qujiang 熱天
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 天熱
    Changting 暍天
    Pingyu 熱天頭
    Wuping 熱天頭
    Liancheng 夏天
    Ninghua 熱天
    Yudu 夏天, 熱天
    Ruijin 熱天
    Shicheng 熱天
    Shangyou 熱天
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 熱天
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 熱天
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 熱天
    Dongshi (Dabu) 熱天
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 熱天
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 熱天
    Huizhou Jixi 夏場子
    Jin Taiyuan 夏天
    Xinzhou 夏兒, 夏金天, 夏天
    Min Bei Jian'ou 夏天, 熱天, 熱天時
    Min Dong Fuzhou 熱天
    Matsu 夏季, 夏季天
    Min Nan Xiamen 熱人, 熱天
    Quanzhou 熱人, 熱天, 熱毒人
    Zhangzhou 熱天
    Taipei 夏天, 熱人, 熱天
    Kaohsiung 夏天, 熱人, 熱天
    Tainan 夏天, 熱人, 熱天
    Taichung 熱天
    Hsinchu 夏天, 熱天人
    Lukang 熱人, 熱天
    Sanxia 夏仔
    Yilan 夏天, 熱人, 熱天
    Kinmen 夏天, 熱天
    Magong 夏天, 熱天, 熱人
    Penang (Hokkien) 夏天
    Haikou 熱天
    Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 熱天
    Wu Shanghai 夏天, 熱天
    Suzhou 夏天, 熱天
    Hangzhou 夏天
    Wenzhou 天色熱, 五六月
    Chongming 夏裡, 夏天, 夏場裡
    Danyang 夏天, 夏天頭
    Jinhua 夏天, 熱天, 六月天
    Tangxi 六月, 六月天
    Ningbo 夏天價
    Xiang Changsha 熱天, 熱天子, 夏天
    Loudi 熱天, 熱天子
    See alsoEdit
    Seasons in Chinese · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text)
    春 (chūn, “spring”) 夏 (xià, “summer”) 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (dōng, “winter”)

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 夏

    Etymology 3Edit

    PronunciationEdit

    DefinitionsEdit

    夏

    1. † Alternative form of 檟／槚 (jiǎ).
    2. Used in 陽夏／阳夏.

    CompoundsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    夏

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. summer
    2. Xia dynasty
    3. China

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
     
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    Kanji in this term
    夏
    なつ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /natu/ → /nat͡su/

    From Old Japanese.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    夏(なつ) • (natsu) 

    1. summer (season)
      Synonym: 夏季, 夏期 (kaki)
      Hyponyms: 初夏, 真夏
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms
    ProverbsEdit
    See alsoEdit
    Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text)
    春(はる) (haru, “spring”) 夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”) 秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”) 冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”)

    Proper nounEdit

    夏(なつ) • (Natsu) 

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    夏
    げ
    Grade: 2
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC ɦˠaH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

    Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge1⟩.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    夏(げ) • (ge) 

    1. (Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month
    Derived termsEdit
    See alsoEdit

    Etymology 3Edit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
     
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    Kanji in this term
    夏
    か
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC ɦˠaX).

    The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

    Proper nounEdit

    夏(か) • (Ka) 

    1. the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China)
    2. Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms
    3. Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty
    4. a surname
    5. a male or female given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    夏 (eumhun 여름 하 (yeoreum ha))

    1. Hanja form? of 하 (“summer”).

    CompoundsEdit

    See alsoEdit

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    夏 (hạ, hè)

    1. summer
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