Wiktionary

夏

See also: 复
夏 U+590F, 夏
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-590F
← 夎
[U+590E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夐 →
[U+5910]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character edit

夏 (Kangxi radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 10247, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 245, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+590F

Chinese edit

trad. 夏
simp. # 夏
2nd round simp. ⿳丆冂夂
alternative forms
 
昰
夓
𠀼
𠌘
𠍺
昰
夓
𠀼
𠌘
𠍺
𡔰
𡕭
𡕻
𡕾
𡖃
𣋗
𤴞
𧈄
𩖳

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 夏
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
                   
Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
榎 *kraːʔ
廈 *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ
嗄 *sqʰraːs, *qraːds
夏 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.

Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.

Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.

The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁.

Etymology 1 edit

“great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).
“magnificent colours; variegated”
The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 3hhia - literary.
Rime
Character 夏
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡雅切
Baxter haeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦaɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣaX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣaX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		haa6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夏
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xià
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English great; pertaining to Chinese civilization

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夏
Reading # 1/2
No. 13452
Phonetic
component 		夏
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		下
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡraːʔ/

Definitions edit

夏

  1. (～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
  2. † (by extension) China; Chinese
  3. † great; grand; magnificent
  4. † magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
  5. † Alternative form of 廈／厦 (“big house”)
  6. a surname
    夏志清  ―  Xià Zhìqīng  ―  Hsia Chih-tsing (Chinese literary critic)
Synonyms edit
  • (the Xia dynasty):
Descendants edit
  • → English: Hsia, Xia
See also edit
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代) 		2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代) 		1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代) 		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周／东周		 Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國／战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代) 		221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢／汉 (～朝, ～代) 		206 BCE – 220 C.E. Western Han
西漢／西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國／三国 		220 – 280 C.E. Wei
魏
Shu Han
蜀漢／蜀汉
Wu
吳／吴
Jin
晉／晋 (～朝, ～代) 		265 – 420 C.E. Western Jin
西晉／西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝 		420 – 589 C.E. Northern dynasties
北朝		 Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏／东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊／北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		 Liu Song
劉宋／刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊／南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代) 		581 – 618 C.E.
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代) 		618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國／五代十国 		907 – 960 C.E.
Liao
遼／辽 (～朝, ～代) 		907 – 1125 C.E.
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代) 		960 – 1279 C.E. Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏 		1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代) 		1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao
西遼／西辽 		1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代) 		1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代) 		1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代) 		1636 – 1912 C.E.

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

Sagart (2023b) relates it to 暇 (OC *[g]ˤra-s) "leisure" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”), the latter of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) but does not compare to 夏 (OC *[g]ˤraʔ). See 暇 (xiá) for more.

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • hē/hēe - vernacular;
  • hā/hēe - literary.
Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 3hhia - literary.
Rime
Character 夏
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡駕切
Baxter haeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣaH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		haa6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夏
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xià
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hæH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ *[ɡ]ˁraʔ-s)
English summer

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夏
Reading # 2/2
No. 13454
Phonetic
component 		夏
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		暇
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡraːs/

Definitions edit

夏

  1. summer (season)
Synonyms edit
Dialectal synonyms of 夏天 (“summer”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 夏, 夏日, 夏時, 畏景
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 夏天, 夏季, 夏日
Mandarin Beijing 夏天, 夏景天兒
Taiwan 夏天
Tianjin 夏天, 熱天, 夏景天兒
Chengde 夏天
Tangshan 夏天
Cangzhou 夏天, 熱天, 伏天
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 熱天
Baoding 夏天
Shijiazhuang 夏天
Chifeng 夏天
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 夏天
Heihe 夏天
Qiqihar 夏天
Harbin 夏天
Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 夏天
Jiamusi 夏天
Baicheng 夏天
Changchun 夏天
Tonghua 夏天
Shenyang 夏天
Dandong 夏天
Jinzhou 夏天
Dalian 夏天, 夏季天兒
Yantai 夏天, 伏天
Yantai (Muping) 伏天, 六月兒天
Qingdao 夏天, 伏天
Lijin 夏天
Jinan 夏天
Jining 夏天
Luoyang 夏天, 熱天
Wanrong 熱天, 熱月天, 熱月時候
Shangqiu 夏天
Yuanyang 夏天
Zhengzhou 夏天
Lingbao 夏天
Xinyang 夏天
Baihe 夏天, 熱天
Hanzhong 夏天, 熱天
Xi'an 夏天, 夏裡
Dingbian 夏天, 夏裡
Baoji 夏天, 熱天
Yinchuan 夏天
Yongning (Najiahu) 夏天, 熱天
Tianshui 夏天
Lanzhou 夏天, 夏月天
Dunhuang 夏天
Xining 夏天, 夏月天
Hami 夏天
Ürümqi 夏天
Ürümqi (Xigou) 夏天
Ürümqi (Changshanzi) 夏天
Wuhan 夏天, 熱天, 夏季, 熱季
Yichang 夏天, 熱天
Xiangyang 夏天, 熱天
Tianmen 夏天, 熱天
Hong'an 夏天, 熱天道, 熱季
Chengdu 夏天, 夏天家
Nanchong 夏天
Dazhou 夏天, 熱天
Hanyuan 夏天, 熱天
Xichang 夏天
Zigong 夏天, 熱天
Muli 夏天
Chongqing 夏天兒, 熱天
Guiyang 夏天, 熱天
Zunyi 夏天, 夏天家
Bijie 熱天家
Liping 夏天
Zhaotong 夏天
Dali 熱天
Kunming 夏天
Mengzi 夏天
Guilin 夏天
Liuzhou 熱天, 夏天
Nanning (Wuming) 熱天, 夏天
Yizhou 熱天, 夏天
Luocheng (Dongmen) 熱天, 夏天
Tianlin (Langping) 夏天
Jishou 夏天, 熱天
Changde 夏天
Anqing 夏天, 熱天
Xuzhou 夏天, 熱天
Fuyang 夏天
Wuhu 夏天
Yangzhou 夏天
Lianyungang 夏天
Lianshui 夏天
Nanjing 夏天, 熱天
Hefei 夏天
Nantong 夏天
Singapore 夏天
Mae Salong (Lancang) 熱天, 雨水天
Cantonese Guangzhou 熱天, 夏天
Hong Kong 夏天, 熱天
Taishan 熱天
Taishan (Guanghai) 夏天
Dongguan 夏天
Guiping (Jiangkou) 熱天, 夏天
Guiping (Madong) 熱天, 夏天
Baise 熱天
Mandalay (Taishan) 夏天
Gan Nanchang 夏天, 熱天
Pengze 熱天
Lichuan 熱天
Pingxiang 熱天
Hakka Meixian 熱天, 夏天
Xingning 熱天
Huidong (Daling) 熱天
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 熱天
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 天熱
Changting 暍天
Wuping 熱天頭
Wuping (Pingyu) 熱天頭
Liancheng 夏天
Liancheng (Peitian) 夏天
Ninghua 熱天
Yudu 夏天, 熱天
Ruijin 熱天
Shicheng 熱天
Shangyou (Shexi) 熱天
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 熱天
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 熱天
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 熱天
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 熱天
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 熱天
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 熱天
Bobai (Shahe) 夏天
Bobai (Longtan) 夏天
Bobai (Lingping) 熱天
Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) 夏天
Xingye (Gaofeng) 天熱天
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 夏天
Pingle (Tong'an) 夏天
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 夏天
Pontianak (Meixian) 熱天
Huizhou Jixi 夏場子
Shexian 夏天
Jin Taiyuan 夏天, 夏景天
Yangyuan 夏天, 夏裡
Datong 夏天
Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 夏天, 夏哩
Xinzhou 夏兒, 夏金天, 夏天, 夏景天
Lishi 夏天
Changzhi 夏天
Linhe 夏天, 夏天上
Jining 夏天
Hohhot 夏天
Erenhot 夏天
Pingshan 夏天
Zhangjiakou 夏天
Handan 夏天
Linzhou 夏天
Suide 夏上
Northern Min Jian'ou 夏天, 熱天, 熱天時
Eastern Min Fuzhou 熱天, 六月天, 六月大夏
Fuqing 熱天
Fuding 六月天
Matsu 夏季, 夏季天
Southern Min Xiamen 熱天, 熱儂, 六月天
Quanzhou 熱天, 熱儂, 熱毒儂, 六月天
Zhangzhou 熱天, 熱冬, 六月天
Zhao'an 夏天, 熱天
Taipei 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
New Taipei (Sanxia) 夏仔
Kaohsiung 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
Yilan 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
Changhua (Lukang) 熱儂, 熱天
Taichung 熱天
Tainan 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
Hsinchu 夏天, 熱天儂
Kinmen 夏天, 熱天
Penghu (Magong) 夏天, 熱天, 熱儂
Penang (Hokkien) 夏天
Singapore (Hokkien) 熱天
Manila (Hokkien) 熱儂
Guiping (Xiaowen) 夏天, 熱天
Guiping (Dongsheng) 夏天
Guilin (Biyange) 夏天
Chaozhou 熱天時
Shantou 熱天
Shantou (Chenghai) 熱天時, 熱天
Haifeng 熱天時
Haikou 熱天
Qionghai 熱天
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 熱天
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 夏天, 熱天
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 夏天
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 熱天, 夏天
Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 夏天
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 熱天
Wu Shanghai 夏天, 熱天
Shanghai (Chongming) 夏裡, 夏天, 夏場裡
Suzhou 夏天, 熱天
Danyang 夏天, 夏天頭
Hangzhou 夏天
Ningbo 夏天價
Wenzhou 天色熱, 五六月, 六月天
Jinhua 夏天, 熱天, 六月天
Jinhua (Tangxi) 六月, 六月天
Xiang Changsha 熱天, 熱天子, 夏天
Loudi 熱天, 熱天子
See also edit
Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春 (chūn, “spring”) 夏 (xià, “summer”) 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (dōng, “winter”)

Compounds edit

Etymology 3 edit

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

夏

  1. † Alternative form of 檟／槚 (jiǎ)
  2. Used in 陽夏／阳夏.

Compounds edit

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

夏

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. summer
  2. Xia dynasty
  3. China

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
夏
なつ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/natu/ → /nat͡su/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *natu.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

夏(なつ) • (natsu) 

  1. summer (season)
    Synonym: 夏季, 夏期 (kaki)
    Hyponyms: 初夏, 真夏
Derived terms edit
Derived terms
Proverbs edit
See also edit
Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春(はる) (haru, “spring”)
春(しゅん)季(き) (shunki, “spring”)
春(しゅん)期(き) (shunki, “spring period”) 		夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”)
夏(か)季(き) (kaki, “summer”)
夏(か)期(き) (kaki, “summer period”) 		秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”)
秋(しゅう)季(き) (shūki, “fall; autumn”)
秋(しゅう)期(き) (shūki, “fall period”) 		冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”)
冬(とう)季(き) (tōki, “winter”)
冬(とう)期(き) (tōki, “winter period”)

Proper noun edit

夏(なつ) • (Natsu) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
夏
げ
Grade: 2
goon

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge1⟩.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

夏(げ) • (ge) 

  1. (Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month
Derived terms edit
See also edit

Etymology 3 edit

 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
夏
か
Grade: 2
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeX).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Proper noun edit

夏(か) • (Ka) 

  1. the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China)
  2. Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms
  3. Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty
  4. a surname
  5. a male or female given name

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [하(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

夏 (eumhun 여름 하 (yeoreum ha))

  1. Hanja form? of 하 (“summer”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

See also edit

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

夏: Hán Việt readings: hạ
夏: Nôm readings: hè

  1. chữ Hán form of hạ (“summer”).
  2. Nôm form of hè (“summer”).
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