Wiktionary uses the following system to transcribe the Taicheng dialect of Taishanese.
The IPA column and Wiktionary romanization was based on the Taicheng dialect data at Hanyu Gujinyin Ziliaoku.
Other romanizations described here are:
- The method used by Stephen Li at his Taishanese Language Home;
- The method used by Gene Chin at his website on Hoisanva;
- The method used in a publication by the Defense Language Institute;
- The method used by Deng Jun (邓钧) in the Taishan Fangyan Zidian (台山方音字典, 2016).
Contents
InitialsEdit
IPA | Transcription | Stephen Li | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | b | b | b | p | b | 鼻 |
/pʰ/ | p | p | p | p’ | p | 皮 |
/ᵐb/ | m | m | m | m | m | 乜 |
/f/ | f | f | f | f | f | 風 |
/v/ | v | v | v | w | v | 話 |
/t/ | d | d | d | t | d | 樽 |
/tʰ/ | t | t | t | t’ | t | 窗 |
/ⁿd/ | n | n | n | n | n | 你 |
/l/ | l | l | l | l | l | 老 |
/ɬ/ | lh | ɬ | x | lh | lh | 三 |
/k/ | g | g | g | k | g | 見 |
/kʰ/ | k | k | k | k’ | k | 佢 |
/ᵑɡ/ | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | ng | 人 |
/t͡s/ | z | dz | j | ch | z j(i) |
州 |
/t͡sʰ/ | c | ts | ch | ch’ | c q(i) |
床 |
/ʒ/ | y | y | y | y | y | 嘢 |
/s/ | s | s | s | s | s x(i) |
山 |
/h/ | h | h | h | h | h | 台 |
RhymesEdit
IPA | Transcription | Stephen Li | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/a/ | a | a | a | a | a | 阿 |
/ai/ | ai | ai | ai | aai | ai | 大 |
/au/ | au | ɔu | ao | aau | ao | 老 |
/am/ | am | am | am | aam | am | 三 |
/an/ | an | an | an | aan | an | 丹 |
/aŋ/ | ang | aŋ | ang | aang | ang | 登 |
/ap̚/ | ap | ap | ap | aap | ab | 搭 |
/at̚/ | at | at | at | aat | ad | 押 |
/ak̚/ | ak | ak | ak | aak | ag | 得 |
/i/ | i | i | i | i | i | 煮 |
/iu/ | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | 優 |
/im/ | im | im | im | im | im | 音 |
/in/ | in | in | in | in | in | 因 |
/ip̚/ | ip | ip | ip | ip | ib | 邑 |
/it̚/ | it | it | it | it | id | 一 |
/iɛ/ | ie | ia | eh | e | ie | 嗲 |
/iau/ | iau | iau | el | iau | ieu | 釣 |
/iam/ | iam | iam | em | iem | iem | 店 |
/iaŋ/ | iang | iaŋ | eng | iang | ieng | 釘 |
/iap̚/ | iap | iap | ep | iep | ieb | 碟 |
/iak̚/ | iak | iak | ek | iak | ieg | 糴 |
/u/ | u | u | u | oo | u | 都 |
/ui/ | ui | ui | ui | ooi | ui | 對 |
/un/ | un | un | un | oon | un | 敦 |
/ut̚/ | ut | ut | ut | oot | ud | 突 |
/ei/ | ei | i | i | i | ei | 耳 |
/eu/ | eu | ǝu | eo | aau | eu | 斗 |
/em/ | em | ǝm | eim | ? | em | 含 |
/en/ | en | ein | ein | ien | en | 丁 |
/ep̚/ | ep | ǝp | eip | ? | eb | 𢱕 |
/et̚/ | et | ɛt | eik | ? | ed | 跌 |
/ɵŋ/ | uung | ǝŋ | ung | ung | ung | 龍 |
/ɵt̚/ | uut | ut | ut | ? | ud | 律 |
/ɵk̚/ | uuk | ǝk | uk | uk | ug | 六 |
/ᵘɔ/ invalid IPA characters (ᵘ) | o | ɔ | o | o | uo | 多 |
/ᵘɔi/ invalid IPA characters (ᵘ) | oi | ɔi | oi | oi | oi | 愛 |
/ᵘɔn/ invalid IPA characters (ᵘ) | on | ɔn | on | on | on | 安 |
/ɔŋ/ | ong | ɔŋ | ong | ong | ong | 當 |
/ᵘɔt̚/ invalid IPA characters (ᵘ) | ot | ɔt | ot | ot | od | 乜 |
/ɔk̚/ | ok | ɔk | ok | ok | og | 惡 |
/m̩/ | m | m | m | m | ng (m) except m* 唔 |
五 |
TonesEdit
Tone | Transcription | IPA | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mid level | 1 | 33 | ä | à | a' | 偷 |
High level | 2 | 55 | ā | a | a- | 口 |
Low level | 3 | 22 | ã | ā | a* | 頭 |
Low falling | 4 | 21 | â | ạ̄ | a> | 厚 |
Mid falling | 5 | 32 | à | â | a` | 後 |
Changed tonesEdit
Tone | Transcription | IPA | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mid level > Mid rising | 1* | 335 | ä/ | à* | a'- | 頭先 |
Low level > Low rising | 3* | 225 | ã/ | ā* | a*- | 近來 |
Low falling > Low dipping | 4* | 215 | â/ | ạ̄* | a>- | 去街 |
Mid falling > Mid dipping | 5* | 325 | à/ | â* | a`- | 台山話 |
There are two types of tone changes in Taishanese:
- The rising tone change (-˥) is indicated using an asterisk
*
after the original tone, e.g. 糖 (hong3*, “candy”). - The dipping tone change (to the fourth tone ˨˩) is indicated using
-4
after the original tone, e.g. 肉 (nguuk5-4, “meat”)
These two can be combined, e.g. 刷 (cat1-4*, “a brush”).